Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės parapinės mokyklos XVII a. antrojoje pusėje

LTReikšminiai žodžiai: Bakalauras; Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė (LDK; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; GDL); Parapinės mokyklos; Mokykla; Mokytojas, mokiniai; Parapija; Sinodas; Tikėjimo pagrindai; Trivium programa; Vizitacija; Bachelor; Backgrounds of the faith; History of the GDL; Of trivium; Parish; Parochal schools of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Program; School; Schoolchildren; Synod; Teacher; Visitation.

ENThe general meeting of the Catholic Church at Trident established regulations for parochial schools. In 1607, these regulations reached Lithuania in the pastoral letter of Gnezno archbishop B. Maciejowski. On the basis of the letter, activity of Lithuanian parochial schools was regulated by the synods of Vilnius and Samogitia at the first half of the 17th century. At the second half of the 17th century, synods either did not occur at all (the case of Samogitia), or repeated decisions of previous synods. The aim of this article is to analyze the spread of parochial schools in the GDL in the 2nd half of the 17th century, to characterize the schools, their teachers and schoolchildren. This work is based on the archival material of visitations of Vilnius and Samogitian dioceses, and published synods' decisions. Synods were aiming to have a school in each parish that would teach pupils basics of the Catholic faith and writing. Children had to be taught to know Catechism, to sing, serve during the Mess, as well as to read, write and count. Attention had to be paid to the discipline, behavior, knowledge and abilities of teachers and schoolchildren.According to the visitations of Samogitian and Vilnius dioceses from the second half of the 17th century, about 22–31 % parishes of Vilnius, and 23 % of Samogitian dioceses had parochial schools. In another quarter of parishes, visitors ordered to establish schools. There were found data about 16 parochial schools (11 schools were not known at all in this period) in Samogitian and 44 (mostly of them were not known) in Vilnius dioceses. Instead of teaching to write, parishes paid more attention to the social needs of the parish's people, because there were established more hospitals then schools. About one-third of the parishes had hospitals, whereas schools existed in one-fourth of them. Parochial schools used to be established by a church and supported by a dean. Richer schools took up their quarters in separate wooden houses that used to have one or two heated rooms. Other ones were in hospitals or even in parsonages. It was the dean, who usually paid salary to the teacher. Children were not always taught by a bachelor. Frequently, this job was done by a chorister or an organist. In the school, children were usually taught to know basics of faith and to read. Such knowledge corresponded to the level of basic development. There were several schools that aimed to carry out trivium program (the case of Orša school in 1654) In such a case they achieved the level of a secondary school. There used to be about 10–20 pupils in a school Sometimes they were composed not only of children but also of adults. Parochial schools of the Catholic Church was the only organized system of public enlightenment that provided basic development in the Grand Duchy at the second half of the 17th century. [From the publication]