Moterų stresai darbo aplinkoje : jų identifikavimas socialinių tinklų ir asmenybės saviraiškos aspektu

LTStraipsnyje analizuojama socialinių - darbo santykių bei socialinių procesų darbo rinkoje sąveika. Pristatomas modernios darbo sociologijos krypties - sėkmingos darbinės veiklos organizavimo modelis (Hachman, Oldham, 1994). Aptariamos informacinėje visuomenėje patiriamo streso formos. Identifikuojant stresus moterų profesinės karjeros kelyje, vadovaujamasi Europos Komisijos (1996) parengtomis programomis „Stresų prevencija darbo aplinkoje“. Šiame darbe pristatomi tyrimo „Skirtingų kartų moterų profesinė karjera: padėties ir požiūrio vertinimas Lietuvoje“ rezultatai. Siekiama nustatyti, kaip skirtingų kartų moterys įvardija pagrindines streso priežastis, kokie stresoriai veikia moteris darbo aplinkoje. Tyrimu siekiama atskleisti socialinių tinklų ir asmenybės saviraiškos sąryšį. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Moterų stresai; Moterų profesinė karjera; Asmenybės saviraiška; Women' stress; Professional career of women; Personal self-realization.

ENIn the process of Lithuania's integration into the Community of European countries, big emotional and economic transformations are occurring, all areas of people's life are undergoing changes, and changes of the work world are differentiating the most reflectively among them. Considering positions of social change and social action actors' behavior and thinking culture as guidelines (Grigas, 2001), professional career of Lithuanian women has been analyzed. As Gruodis (1995, p. 179) states in her analysis of women's working activities, "woman's achievement towards professional career is an advantage: self-realization and further fostering of self-realization". Therefore it is important to analyze the area of social relationships, to identify tensions and already formed fields of tension encountered in the women's career road and socialization process. In this article a scientific problem is considered that requires to analyze how personal qualities influence development of professional career opportunities; to uncover reactions to needs incompatibility in workplace that are termed as tensions and stresses; to conduct analysis of stressors encountered in the women's professional career; to measure the impact of those stressors on women's professional career according to the criteria of subjective position (perception) and assessment. Stress is such a state of an individual, expression of long termed tension that occurs because of extreme impacts, that is, stressors. Stress can make activities more active (distress) or by the means of stressors, to make a negative impact on activities, disorganize (distress). The main groups of stressors occurring at workplace are the following: failure stressors; attention distracting stressors; stressors that are causing fear; stressors that are causing unpleasant physical feelings; pace or speed stressors.In postmodern society they are affecting very intensively. Two concepts have been differentiated that base different models for stress analysis. The first one supports a systematic model of stress research and explains that stress consists of many variables and processes (theories of 70s). The second one model of work tension research (theories of 90s). The latter is summarized in the "Program of psychosocial factors research at work", published by Professional Health Committee of the European Board (ILOAVHO, 1995). Stresses experienced by women at work are a relatively new research area. The main environments work, home and social environment are forming an integrated whole of forces that confront and affect one another. Workplace related stressors can affect women at home as well as in social environment. Role conflict places women within "culture and small opportunities trap". This research was aimed to uncover relationships between social networks and women's self-realization, to identify groups of stressors that have the biggest impact on women's professional career. Social networks are defined as relevant environments in the process of individuals' socialization. Statistical analysis of research data showed that attitudes of women of different generations differ on issue to describe groups of stressors in social networks, while at the same time identifying significance of their impact. Workplace assessment analysis showed a certain attitude of women showing that in many organizations there are no opportunities for career. This belief from their life experience was voiced by "grandmothers" generation. Those who said that there are opportunities for career, represent "daughters " generation.Basing on this attitude we can conclude that "daughters" generation is more oriented to adapt to social economic changes occurring in Lithuania; they are not relating professional career to opportunities arising just in one organization, they acquire several professions. This attitude reflects modern concept of career that is not related purely to workplace, but is understood instead as sequence of roles and experience of the whole life. In this case that is a positive and a very significant assessment. Analysis of social network assessment at home showed that role conflict is avoided, though with big efforts. Children upbringing was identified as the main reason why a husband objects to wife's working. Representatives of all generations emphasized that. Tlie following positions were differentiated in women 's assessment of stressors impact in workplace: children 's sickness, lack of personal qualities, production factors. Seeking for self-realization were the most expressed amongst the youngest women. But when there is a difficult social economic situation and women are guiding themselves according to heightened self-realization beliefs, inner personal conflicts can occur. Situation projected by an individual in work and home environment quite often are the cause for certain social tensions and stressful state. Stress is an obstacle for women to form a positive attitude to professional career. From the other hand, a woman, a mother is creating emotional space at home, therefore, workplace cannot dominate in social networks. [From the publication]