Antifoninis lietuvių liaudies dainų atlikimo būdas

LTLiaudies dainų antifoninis dainavimas, jau nuo praėjusio šimtmečio pradžios susilaukęs skvarbaus įvairių salių folkloro tyrinėtojų žvilgsnio, Lietuvoje iki šiol tėra menkai žinomas ir tik fragmentiškai tyrinėtas. Šis straipsnis – pirmasis bandymas išsamiau supažindinti skaitytoją su antifoniniu lietuvių liaudies dainų atlikimo būdu. Todėl daugiausia dėmesio čia skiriama terminijai, tinkamai aptariamam atlikimo būdui nusakyti, bei antifoniniu pavyzdžių žanriniam ir teritoriniam paplitimui Lietuvoje. Norėdami atkreipti dėmesį į gausius bei vertingus antifoniniu būdu atliekamų dainų šaltinius, saugomus įvairių archyvų rankraščiuose bei spausdintus leidiniuose, pateikiame jų apžvalgą. Taip pat aptariame įvairių tyrinėtojų darbus, kuriuose kalbama arba bent užsimenama apie antifoninį lietuvių liaudies dainų atlikimą. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Antifoninis būdas; Antifoninis, ambėjinis, pakaitinis dainavimas; Apeiga; Funkcija; Liaudies dainos; Lietuvių liaudies dainos; Žanrai; Antiphonal manner; Antiphonal, ambėjinis, alternative singing; Folk song; Function; Genres; Lithuania; Lithuanian folklore songs; Ritual; The way of execution (performance).

ENThe antiphonal way of execution is the alternate singing of several individual singers or groups. In that way can be song strophes (antiphonal singing), parts of strophes (text/refrain - amebėjinis singing) or a few songs (songs competition). Most often alternately sing two, three and rarely more groups; their quantitative and qualitative structure is regulated strictly or not regulated at all depending (on the genre, function or other circumstances). Examples of these songs are regarded as antiphonal in the article. Their way of execution is defined by remarks of songs' presenters and recorders (writers), or the antiphonal execution is indicated in the transcription. According to these criteria there were chosen and analysed 265 examples of Lithuanian singing folklore. Their main structural traits (two-road or four-road melodies, texts of questions/answers, regular change of text/refrain), alongside the other indications (melody, genre, territory) show a reconstruction possibility of the ways of execution of many songs that are not regarded as antiphonal here. East and South Dzūkija are antiphonal singing centres (here most examples of various genres of alternate execution have been fixed), but we find individual (by the way, not casual) antiphonal execution phenomena in all Lithuanian districts. The genre structure of antiphonal songs shows a universal way of this execution - at least the groups of ritual genres (wedding, calendar events) are distinguished for their abundance, but alternately we sing "character" youth-love, family and other songs of the late nature, too.A review of most plentiful genre groups of antiphonal examples has explained some main aspects determining alternate execution. Alternate execution can be: a) a means of special (protective) space creation (fields visit, harvest time, Shrovetide drive songs, some wedding ritual songs), b) a means of fight of two different sides (the Advent games, oliavimai, glorifying the members of wedding, songs competitions), c) a utilitarian means - invitations, telling information, asking for gifts (in the wedding), etc. Antiphonal singing is not a tradition. It is a universal phenomenon well known in many parts of the world (Africa, Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Poland, Macedonia, Slovakia, Russia, Ukraine and others). So, knowledge of Lithuanian folklore alternate singing principles contributes to antiphonal execution research, which will help us to look at this phenomenon in a wider folklore context of various countries. [From the publication]