Molio statyba : tradicijos ir perspektyvos

LTKraštovaizdžio savitumą didele dalimi lemia statybos pobūdis, kuris priklauso nuo gamtos išteklių ir vietos tradicijų. Lietuvoje vyravo medžio statyba. Tačiau, kaip pagalbinė statybinė medžiaga, nuo neatmenamų laikų naudotas ir molis. Molio statyba, ypač išpopuliarėjusi XIX a. II pusėje ir XX a I pusėje, sovietinės okupacijos metais buvo pamiršta, o atgavus nepriklausomybę vėl atgijo. Nuo seno pastebėta, kad moliniai namai ekonomiški, ekologiški ir estetiški. Gausūs žemės gelmėse slūgsantys molio ištekliai užtikrina tradicijų tęstinumo galimybę ir sukuria perspektyvią statybų plėtros alternatyvą. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Architektūra; Ekologiškumas; Ekonomiškumas; Ekonomiškumas, ekologiškumas; Molio statyba; Savitumas; Tradicija; Architecture; Clay construction; Eco-friendly; Frugality; Pecularities; Peculiarities; Traditions.

ENDistinction or peculiarity of landscape very close connected with traditional architecture, which depends on natural recourses and building materials. Lithuania was country of wooden architecture, but also clay was in use at all times as supporting material. Clay building became popular on the end of XIX century, especially between the first and the second World War, latter was forgotten during the soviet occupation and revived after the recovered country independence. The first tide of clay building is connected with economical blockade in 1990–1994 y., when lacking building materials the clay as local resource was promoted. The second tide from 2006 connected with raised public awareness of such building is and ecological consciousness, wishing to live in healthy hygienic dwelling with minimum environmental impact. From the earlier experience it is known that the clay houses are economical, ecological and aesthetical. During the XIX century clay building was inspired by advanced European building tendencies and spread mostly on the rich estates farmsteads. There were efforts to create cheap warm durable flameproof architecture with regional or local features. One of essential aspect was economy and frugality of such building. These problems were much discussed on different publications. They performed important role seeking to transfer actual information and to teach society. Today the historical literature and publications is faithful source to investigate the development of clay building. Summing up the data, one can say that clay architecture testifies some mix of European influence with new building trend and a local tradition based on inherited knowledge and experience.On the clay architecture one can easy notice local peculiarities which are visible on the plan structure facades and details. Today clay buildings on Middle, South – West and North Lithuania can be estimated as a heritage of vernacular architecture. Clay stock covers more than half of Lithuanian territory. It is very suitable building material for the walls: soft, plastic, eco-friendly. Typical clay walls technologies for Lithuania are: wattle, adobe, wattle and daub, carcass, where space in between is filled with cob or bricks, adobe bricks. Dwelling houses mostly were built by wattle and adobe technique, out-houses (barns, granaries, garners, stack yards, storehouses) – by wattle or mixed (clay and wood, clay and stone or bricks) technique. Walls of outhouses often were built with clay with piers. Between the World Wars clay building was encouraged and supported by state. Today it has to be evaluated as local tradition relevant/ important to preserve and develop. Clay building makes certain both: continuing of local tradition and building alternative for economical and ecological architecture. Though clay building in Lithuania has deep traditions, also it is advanced and modem, economical and ecological, the technology of such building requires special knowledge, a lot of labor force, there are no standardized items, it is lack of good prepared experts; because of these reasons clay technology is not so popular in latter-days. Despite skeptical attitude towards the clay building we have to design modern architecture based on the tradition and a new European architectural tide. [From the publication]