Viešojo intereso samprata civiliniame procese

LTPripažinti privatinėje teisėje ir civiliniame procese esant viešąjį interesą ir jį ginti yra būtinybė, lemiama bendrų visuomenės siekių, socialinės darnos ir privataus bei viešojo intereso pusiausvyros užtikrinimo. Žmogus yra visuomeninė būtybė, jis gyvena visuomenėje, o ji, kaip socialinis reiškinys, turi savų interesų, nors ir ne visada sutampančių su privačiais individo interesais1. Yra nemažai privatinės teisės normų, kurių laikymusi suinteresuota visa visuomenė, ir šis visuomenės interesas yra užtikrinamas numatant viešojo intereso gynybos galimybę civiliniame procese. Tam tikrose privatinės teisės srityse viešasis interesas yra aiškiai išreikštas. Tai bylos, kylančios iš šeimos, darbo teisinių santykių, taip pat bylos, kur viena šalis yra socialiai silpnas asmuo, ir panašiai. Tačiau kartais konkrečiuose santykiuose nustatyti viešąjį interesą, apibrėžti jo gynimo ribas yra sudėtinga, todėl tokiu atveju reikia vertinti ne tik konkrečias aplinkybes, bet ir viešojo intereso sampratą visuomenėje, teisės moksle, teismų praktikoje. Sio straipsnio tikslas - paanalizuoti viešojo intereso gynimo civiliniame procese prigimtį ir prielaidas, nagrinėjant teisės doktriną, teisės aktus, teismų praktiką, atskleisti viešojo intereso sampratą. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Civilinis procesas; Viešasis interesas; Viešoji teisė; Civil procedure; Public interest; Public law, public interest, civil procedure.

ENAccording to Article 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, each and every person concerned has the right of appeal to the court to defend his violated or contested rights or interests. A typical plaintiff is an individual who files a claim related to his violated specific rights and seeks an individual remedy. Therefore, defence of the public interest in civil procedure is considered as a restriction of a fundamental principle - disposition. The article deals with some questions and problems concerning defence of public interest in civil procedure: why public interest can be defended in civil procedure; the conception and the main features of public interest. The author states that the main reasons why public interest can be defended in civil procedure are a variety of legal relations, an overlap of public and private interests, as well as the universality feature of civil procedure and the changeable conception of public interest. In theory and practice, there is an accepted position that a universal concept of public interest is impossible to be formulated. Therefore, the discretion to interpret and develop understanding of public interest is transferred to the courts and the case law.Consequently, this article contains analysis and the public interest conception developed on the basis of resolutions adopted by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, the Supreme Court of Lithuania and the Court of Appeal of Lithuania. In one of its judgments, the Constitutional Court of Lithuania noted that the implementation of the public interest which is recognized by the State and protected by law is one of the most important conditions of the existence and evolution of the society. Moreover, the Supreme Court of Lithuania has indicated the main fields of the existence of public interest. These areas are: property law, health service, activities of public administrative bodies, family law, bankruptcy law, tax law, hearing of civil cases (litigation), protection of the environment and cultural properties. Furthermore, the article determines the main features of public interest which are formulated in the case law, theory and practice. As it has been noted, the public interest is not only a "theoretical construction", therefore, the author concludes with an analysis and consideration of the importance of the understanding and perception of public interest. [text from author]