Vienos ritmo formulės pėdsakais

LTObjektas: ritmo formulė (RF). Tikslas: nustatyti vienos ritmo formulės ir funkcijos ryšius, teritorinio paplitimo ribas bei nustatyti galimą jos raidos kelią, kaitą jame. Lyginant lietuvių ir kitų tautų folkloro pavyzdžius, bandoma ieškoti jų struktūros bendrumų, taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į galimus etninius bei kitokius ryšius. Metodai: lyginamasis tipologinis, kartografavimo bei struktūrinis. Medžiaga nagrinėjama diachroniškai – RF raidos kelias tyrinėjamas remiantis įvairių žanrų, skirtingų istorinių laikotarpių bei teritorijų melodijomis. Išvados: nustatyti keturi RF variantai (RF A, B, C, D), kurie diferencijuojasi pagal funkcinės priklausomybės bei formos požymius. Senajam folkloro sluoksniui būdingos RF A (pagrindinis RF pavidalas) bei RF D; RF B – pereinamojo ar atsitiktinio pobūdžio struktūra, o RF C gali būti laikoma universaliu dariniu. Akivaizdus dviejų dalių melodijos formos vyravimas leidžia numanyti, kad RF buvo parankiausia antifoniniam arba amebėjiniam atlikimui. Pagal teritorinio paplitimo bei kitus ypatumus nustatyta jos galima atsiradimo bei gyvavimo teritorija – tai archeologinės brūkšniuotosios keramikos kultūros arealas. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Brūkšniuotosios keramikos kultūra; Kalendorinių ir darbo dainų ryšiai; Ritmo formulė; Variantai; Culture of stroked ceramics; Relations between calendar and work songs; Rhythm formula; Varieties.

ENThe object of the research is one formula of rhythm (RF). In this article RF is an eightsyllable line, which corresponds to the structure of 5+3 strophe. This line splits into two derivatives, the first one always remains constant, and the second variously changes, depending on laws influencing it. Taking into account good organization of the second formula derivative, four RF (A, B, C, D) are distinguished. According to the evolution of rhythm established by Beliajev, RF period of form is thought to be transitional in process of rhythm changing from two parts to three parts. Close connection of RF with the form of two parts is established, so we can think, that it was the most handy for antiphonal singing. Once more RF spreading in songs of paruginės (come and see the fields), Christmas and the End of harvest songs draws attention to the similarity of the calendar and work songs and also the rituals themselves, which were observed by scientists. Visual communication of the mentioned two genres makes us doubt their rightness of the usual perception. It was tried to prove, that maybe it could be more appropriate to speak not about certain connections, but about the whole year cycle as such, where work rituals were not separated from calendar rituals.Having analysed thousands of Lithuanian and other peoples' melodies, it was established that: 1) RF A and RF D are the most characteristic for ritual folklore genres, they (firstly RF A) are considered to be the first model of this formula. RF В could be thought to be a transitional or a rhythmical derivative of more accidental character, and RF C - as the structure of later musical thinking (from a functional and melody point of view). 2) Taking into account differentiation of such RF variants, the main RF spreading areal - south and east (partly - middle) parts of Lithuania and west (in part - north west as well) and territory of Byelorussia - is described. Thus we can witness affinity of Lithuanian and Byelorussian folklore noticed and analyzed by many scientists. In ethnomusical literature it is explained it in two ways: 1) exchange between peoples; 2) common archaeological cultural heritage. Based on the theory proved by I. Zemcovskij and acknowledged by other scientists which says that ritual folklore is intransferable, the first theory is rejected and the attention is drawn to the cultures which, as it was thought, were alive in the territory in question until separate nations were formed. We can make a presumption that the rhythm formula […] could be of Baltic origin. It is not universal, as the area of its spread is quite strictly defined. We would not think that it is Byelorussian (Slavic), as peculiarities of its territorial spread as well as other characteristics let us ponder on its possible origin and territory of existence which is the areal of archeological stroked ceramics culture. [From the publication]