XVII a. pirmosios pusės monetų apyvarta dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje

LTRemiantis pavieniais monetų radiniais ir monetų lobiais, straipsnyje aptariama XVII a. pirmosios pusės monetų apyvarta dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje. Svarstoma, koks galėjo bûti monetų emisijos dydis, analizuojami monetų cirkuliacijos trukmės ir jos ypatumų, palyginti su monetų cirkuliacija Lenkijoje ir pietinėse LDK žemėse, klausimai, nagrinėjamos užsienio monetų atsiradimo dabartinės Lietuvos teritorijoje priežastys ir šių monetų vaidmuo. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Monetų apyvarta; Emisija; Lobis; Circulation of coins; Coin emission; Treasure.

ENThe article reviews circulation of coins in the territory of nowadays Lithuania in the first half of the 17th century resting both on single finds of coins and coin hoards. It also analyses the probable amount of coin emission, duration of coin circulation and specificity of this circulation in Poland and southern lands of GDL, reasons of emergence of coins of foreign countries and the role thereof, as well as the value of the currency. Circulation of the coins in the territory of nowadays Lithuania in the first half of the 17th century (the period of the reign of Sigismund III Vasa (from 1587 to 1632) and Wladyslaw IV (from 1632 to 1648)) was similar to that in the entire commonwealth of Poland and GDL, however, it had its own specific features which were determined by the fact that the territory of Lithuania fell under the trading influence of Riga. From 1602 to 1622 (the period of the reign of Sigismund III Vasa), the biggest proportion of coins consisted of shillings (minted mostly in Riga) and 1.5-groat coins while doubledenarii and shillings predominated in the emission of the Vilnius Mint. From 1623 to 1627 the situation changed only slightly. Mostly double-denarii and 1.5-groat coins were continued to be minted, however, the amounts of their emissions slightly changed. Instead of shillings, now the biggest part of the emission consisted of 1.5-groat coins. The amount of minted groats and orts (18 groats) also grew. During that period, the biggest amount of coins minted by the Vilnius Mint consisted of shillings and groats. Hypothetical calculations of probable amount of minted 1.5-groat and 6-groat coins were made in Poland. It was determined that 763 million of 1.5-groat coins might be minted in the Bydgoscz Mint from 1623 to 1627 while 13.2 million of sixgroats were minted in Cracow from 1623 to 1627.Huge amounts of coins of foreign countries started to inflow under Sigismund III Vasa. The commonwealth of Poland and GDL tried to solve that problem by imposing prohibitions. However, it did not stop the outflow of own coins from the country and inflow of the coins from abroad. Coins of different countries and of different denominations circulated in the entire commonwealth including Lithuania. The coins of Austria, Bohemia, Denmark, Spain, Spain Netherlands, Coronia, New Spain (Mexico and Bolivia), the Netherlands, Prussia, Russia, Silesia, Sweden, cantons and towns of Switzerland, Hungary, and lands and towns of Germany circulated along with the coins minted at the Vilnius Mint and at the mints of Poland. Some of the coins minted in foreign countries plaid an important role in the coin circulation in Poland and GDL while some of them were brought in just accidentally together with ample inflows of other coins. Coins of Prussia (particularly shillings, 1.5-groat coins and orts) were most frequent in the coin circulation in Poland and GDL. This was determined by monetary system of Prussia which was identical to that of Poland. Until the 20s of the 17th century, denarii of Hungary, which were equal to shillings, were continuously brought in to Poland and GDL. In the first decade of the 17th century the kopeks of Russia appeared in the GDL, which were specific for GDL since they were not typical for Poland in that time. Import of the coins from both Hungary and Russia was a profitable business for those who imported them. Since the 20s of the 17th century, the coins (mostly shillings) from the Baltic territories which were occupied by Sweden were started to be brought in to Poland and GDL. Other small denomination coins that exerted strong influence were groats and 3-kreuzer coins of Holy Roman Empire (different lands and towns of Germany).Those coins were imported to Lithuania not directly from lands and towns of Germany but from Poland and Riga. Until the 17th century, currency circulation in the commonwealth of Poland and GDL consisted mostly of the thalers of the Holy Roman Empire while in the first half of the 17th century the main thaler coins became half-thalers and thalers minted in the Netherlands. According to the data obtained on the basis of hoards found in Lithuania, the inflow of Spain Netherlands patagons was very small during the first three decades of the 17th century. Together with those large denomination coins, a number of the most exotic coins over the entire history of Lithuania and GDL were imported. These include 1-real, 2-real, 4-real and 8-real silver coins of Spain and its colonies from the periods of the reign of Philip III (1598–1621) and Philip IV (1621–1665) referred to as realowe in the written sources. We have little knowledge about the circulation of ducats – coins of even higher value – in Lithuania, still, the number of gold coins in circulation grew considerably since the 17th century. The latter were already used not just by the nobles or merchants, they were also widely used by burghers. Since the 17th century, ducats minted in the United Provinces of the Netherlands started to predominate in the circulation. Apart from all the coins mentioned above, from the end of the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century, a minor role was plaid by coins from other countries (Prague groats minted in Bohemia, 15th century shillings of German order which were imported together with Polish half-groats and coins of Coronia the mintage of which was rather limited. [From the publication]