Užmirštieji muzikos instrumentai: dūdmaišis ir Lietuva

LTStraipsnyje nagrinėjamas dūdmaišis – muzikos instrumentas, ypač aktyviai naudotas vėlyvaisiais viduramžiais ir Renesanso laikotarpiu, ko gero, visose Europos šalyse palikęs neišdildomų pėdsakų jų liaudies kultūroje ir išnykęs XIX–XX a. pradžioje. Nuo XVI a., o galbūt ir anksčiau, jis karaliavo ir Lietuvos muzikiniame gyvenime, tačiau iki šiol buvo nepelnytai mokslininkų užmirštas. Šis straipsnis – bandymas pažvelgti į šį instrumentą kompleksiškai, atsigręžti į jo ilgaamžę paplitimo ir raidos istoriją, gyvavimą kituose kraštuose, palyginant panašius reiškinius ir rekonstruojant jo naudojimą kaimo papročiuose, taip pat išnagrinėti repertuaro ir atlikimo stiliaus savitumus, dūdmaišio įtaką lietuvių etninei kultūrai. Tyrimo, atlikto pasitelkiant istorinį lyginamąjį, tipologinį, analizės metodus, išvados rodo, kad Lietuvoje dūdmaišis, prieš įsigalint smuikui, kitiems styginiams, o vėliau ir dumpliniams instrumentams, buvo pagrindinis, kai kur net vienintelis vestuvių, krikštynų, kitų svarbių apeigų ir kaimo pasilinksminimų instrumentas. Jis buvo paplitęs visoje teritorijoje, tačiau XIX a. pabaigoje – XX a. pradžioje išliko tik rytiniame šalies pakraštyje. Specifinis atlikimo dūdmaišiu būdas, ypač burdoninis ūko pritarimas, įspaudė ryškų pėdsaką (buvo suformavęs savitą muzikinį stilių) tiek instrumentinėje, tiek vokalinėje lietuvių liaudies muzikoje. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Dūda; Dūdmaišis; Dūdorius; Etninė kultūra; Etninė muzika; Labanoro dūda; Labanoro dūda (kulinė su ūku, kulinė dūda); Lietuvių liaudies / etninė muzika; Bagpipe; Dūda, Kulinė dūda, Labanoro dūda; Ethnic culture; Ethnic music; Lithuania; Lithuanian folk / ethnic music; Pipeman.

ENBagpipe, having travelled from the Orient via the Arabic countries to Europe as early as the beginning of the historical times, became one of the most popular musical instruments of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Having reached even the furthermost outskirts of Europe, the bagpipe was used not only as a popular musical instrument, but also as a professional one, being employed in the military, at court or for the civic entertainment. The 16th - 17th centuries may be regarded as the "golden age" of the bagpipe in the Eastern Europe. By the 18th century, when fiddles and other string instruments grew increasingly popular, bagpipes got gradually displaced from court and the civic usage, remaining exclusively the folk instruments. Bagpipe has hitherto escaped detailed research by the Lithuanian scholars, who considered the surviving data regarding its usage to be extremely scant. The author adopts a complex attitude in this article, discussing both the centuries-long history of the bagpipe's spread and its development, comparing similar phenomena from different countries, attempting to reconstruct the role of the bagpipe in the rural customs, and analyzing peculiarities of its repertoire and style of performing. According to the results of her analysis, the bagpipe, having been brought to Lithuania by the travelling musicians, got spread via courts and cities, finally becoming one of the most popular or in some places even the only popular folk musical instrument. [From the publication]The Dūda, Kulinė dūda, Labanoro dūda, etc. used to be played at weddings, christenings and other important rituals and festivals, as well as at parties and other public entertainments. Having for several centuries prevailed in the market-squares and inns, during feasts and rituals of the rural community, bagpipe has considerably influenced the development of the folk music - both the instrumental and the vocal one. As the result of its impact, shaping of a certain polyphonic mode of folk singing could be named, more precisely - singing with bourdon accompaniment, based on repetition of one or two bass sounds. The intricate melodies performed by bagpipe could have affected the ornate melodies of the rye harvesting songs, very popular in the Eastern and Southern Lithuania, and other kinds of folksongs. Fiddle, which gradually penetrated the popular culture and was at first used along with bagpipe, inherited the stylistic features of the bagpipe melodies and subsequently replaced the latter in the musical tradition of the small towns and villages. Like in the majority of Middle European countries, where bagpipe also had in its time enjoyed extreme popularity, subsequently remaining the instrument only favored by the conservative shepherds from severe upland regions, in the beginning of the 20th century bagpipe used to be still played in the remote villages scattered in the woodlands of the Eastern Lithuania. In the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, it was the instrument most frequently played by the travelling country beggars. [From the publication]