Mediniai stalo indai ir įrankiai Vilniaus žemutinėje pilyje

LTStraipsnyje analizuojami Vilniaus žemutinės pilies teritorijoje aptikti mediniai stalo indai ir įrankiai. Jų chronologija apima laikotarpį nuo XIV a. iki XVIII a. Analizuojamų dirbinių kolekciją sudaro 142 vienetai drožtų ir tekintų indų ar jų dalių, 9 dangteliai, 8 šulelinių indų fragmentai, 22 kaušeliai ir 36 stalo įrankiai: 31 šaukštas ir 5 samčiai. Pagal funkcijas indai suskirstyti į šešias grupes: dubenis, lėkštes, puodelius, taureles, bokalus, kaušus. Mediniams stalo įrankiams priskiriami šaukštai ir samčiai. Serviruojant stalą buvo naudojami drožimo, tekinimo būdu ir iš šulų pagaminti indai bei drožti šaukštai ir samčiai. Dauguma medinių stalo indų bei įrankių surasti tyrinėjant XIV-XVI a. I puse datuojamus kultūrinius sluoksnius. Šiuo laikotarpiu mediniai indai buvo labai svarbūs stalo serviruotėje. Daugiausiai aptikta medinių dubenėlių, skirtų individualiam valgymui. Skysčiams semti bei gerti buvo naudojami mediniai puodeliai, kaušeliai ir bokalai. Lėkštėse ir didelių tūrių dubenyse buvo patiekiamas įvairus maistas. Pagrindiniai stalo įrankiai buvo peiliai ir mediniai šaukštai. XVI a. II puse - XVIII a. datuojamuose kultūriniuose sluoksniuose medinių indų ir įrankių aptikta nedaug. Gali būti, kad tuo metu prasidėjo medinių indų naudojimo regresija, paveikta puodininkystės amato suklestėjimo. Tačiau neatmetama galimybė, jog medinių dirbinių sumažėjimą nulėmė šio etapo kultūrinių sluoksnių dirvožemis. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Indai; Mediniai indai; Medis; Serviravimas; Stalo įrankiai; Viduramžiai; Vilniaus žemutinė pilis; Vilnius; Žemutinė pilis; Lower castle; Tableservice; The Middle Ages; Vilnius; Vilnius Lower Castle; Wooden dishes; WoodenTableware.

ENArchaeological excavations of Vilnius Lower Castle revealed that in the table service of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period wooden dishes alongside the ones made from ceramics, glass and other materials were widely used. Most of them were found in the territories of wooden homesteads which belonged to artisans and ordinary town-dwellers. The collection of these artefacts consists of 142 carved and turned dishes or their parts, 9 lids, 8 fragments of stave dishes, 22 scoops, 31 spoons, and 5 ladles. It dates from the 14th to the 18th centuries. Most of them were made from the local wood. According to the mode of production, carved, turned and made of the staves dishes were used in the table service as well as carved spoons and ladles. Only 16% of all wooden dishes were made in the way of carving and gouge. Bowls and scoops of major sizes were produced too. All in all, turned dishes make 79% of all wooden dishes, and bowls, plates and cups were made using this technology. Cups, mugs, bowls and salt-cellars were made of staves. Due to its tricky technology and aesthetic nuances, dishes made by coopers were rarely used in the table service (they make only 5% of all wooden dishes) though fragments of them were found in all cultural layers of the above-mentioned territory dated from the 14th to the 18th centuries. According to their functions, dishes are divided into several groups: bowls, plates, cups, mugs, scoops. Bowls, found in various sizes and forms, were probably intended for the individual usage. There are seven most popular types of them.Plates and bowls of large sizes were made to serve various dishes. […]. Discovered scoops were of two types: some of them were intended to draw liquids and drinks, while others - only for drinks. Spoons and ladles are attributed to wooden cutlery. Ladles were used to produce and to serve food. Wooden artefacts intended for table service and food, found in the territory of Vilnius Lower Castle, didn't differ significantly in the technology of their production from the dishes and cutlery used in other European countries. However, differences may be seen in the proportions of decorated dishes and cutlery. Contrary to neighbouring countries, they were rarely decorated; as a result, decorated dishes make 12% of all wooden dishes. Wooden cutlery was decorated even more rarely - only 2 spoons of 31. Dishes were decorated with carving tools or in the way of turning and shaping a decorative line. Besides, there were found dishes with polychromic paint traces. Spoons were decorated in a rather primitive way, whittling geometric figures or their compositions. Signs, found on 10 wooden artefacts, attributed to the category of tableware, meant the ownership or physical parameters of the artefact. They indicate that people of Vilnius Lower Castle were equal participants of the European trade system. Wooden artefacts marked with similar symbols are known on a wide territory covering almost all Europe. A major part of wooden dishes and cutlery was found during the excavations of the cultural layers dated from the 14th to the first half of the 16th century. At this stage wooden dishes predominated in the table service. […]. [text from author]

• Archeologija / Archaeology
• Istorija / History