Nacionalizmo raiška Lietuvos skinhedų subkultūroje
LTNors Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos svetainėje nurodoma, kad skinhedas, skinas (skinhedai, skinai) yra nevartotinos svetimybės, ir priskiriama prie didžiųjų kalbos klaidų, tačiau šio straipsnio autorius mano, kad skinhedai, arba skinai, – kaip pankai ar gotai – yra neverčiami subkultūros pavadinimai. Skinhedų (angl. skinheads reiškia „skin“ – oda, „head“ – galva) subkultūra neretai žiniasklaidos siejama su fašizmo, nacizmo, rasizmo ar nacionalizmo ideologijomis. Straipsnio autorius, remdamasis savo paties lauko tyrimų medžiaga, surinkta tyrinėjant Lietuvos nacionalistinės krypties skinhedus Kauno ir Vilniaus miestuose, ir A.D.Smith'o pateiktais ideologijų apibrėžimais, nagrinėja nacionalizmo raišką šioje subkultūroje. Paaiškėja, kad pagrindiniai nacionalizmo tikslai – pilietinė autonomija, teritorinis vientisumas ir istorinis tapatumas – ryškūs ir skinhedų ideologijoje. Su fašizmo ir nacizmo ideologijomis šią subkultūrą mažai kas sieja. Nacistinės simbolikos naudojimas, nors ir nepopuliarus tarp Lietuvos skinhedų, įgyja kitokį ideologinį turinį ir su nacizmu siejasi nebent išoriškai. Rasizmas, kaip jį apibrėžia A.D.Smith'as, nėra būdingas skinhedams, o greičiau įgyja nacionalizmui charakteringų bruožų ir atitinka rasinio nacionalizmo ideologiją. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Etnografija; Nacionalizmas; Skinheadai; Skinhedai; Subkultūra; Subkultūros studijos; Ethnography; Lithuania; Nationalism; Nationalizm; Skinheads; Subculture; Subculture studies.
ENIn the Lithuanian mass media, the subculture of skinheads is often linked with fascism, nazism, as well as the ideologies of racism and especially nationalism. Using A. D. Smith's definitions of fascism, nazism, racism, and nationalism, and refering to specific research into the ideology and activities of Lithuanian nationalist skinheads in the cities of Kaunas and Vilnius, the present paper analyses the manifestations of nationalism in this subculture in Lithuania. It turns out that the main objectives of nationalism, such as civic autonomy, territorial integrity, and historical identity, are explicitly manifest in the ideology of Lithuanian skinheads. They emphasize that every nation must live in "its own territory" and think negatively about immigrants from other countries, and also about the Lithuanians who emigrate. The Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union are considered to be invaders, and the fact that Lithuania has joined the European union is regarded as a contradiction to the principle of national autonomy. In this way skinheads emphasize the importance of national independence and freedom. The search for and consolidation of the Lithuanian historical identity is shown through the interest in Lithuania's history and historical personalities as well as through ceremonial commemoration of important dates. The most important historical moments for Lithuanian skinheads are those when the batles for the freedom of the Lithuanian nation were fought. Heroism and devotion to the nation are exalted. National identity is also constructed through turning back to pre-Christian times. It is thus not by accident that some skinheads are interested in neo-paganism.The connection between this subculture and the ideologies of fascism and nazism is not strongly manifest.The fact that skinheads emphasize nationalist ideas suggests that fascism and nazism cannot be seen as characteristic of this subculture because these ideologies "reverse" the main principles of nationalism. The researched groups of skinheads are not connected with any political party; the cult of the leader is not observed among them, either. The occasional usage of nazi symbolism (although not popular among Lithuanian skinheads) acquires different ideological associations and is only superficially linked to nacism. The most problematic point here is the aspect of racist ideology. Racism, as A. D. Smith defines it, is not typical to skinheads in its true form. From the perspective of Lithuanian skinheads, any race, similarly to any nation, is rooted in its own territory, and the idea of the domination of one race is not raised. Skinheads interpret "racism" in their own way whereby it obtains features which are more similar to nationalism. Their understanding of racism becomes close to the ideology of racist nationalism, as discussed by A. D. Smith, rather than pure racism. [From the publication]
