Šiluvos koplyčia - unikalus XX a. pradžios architektūros pavyzdys

LTŠvč. Mergelės Marijos Apsireiškimo koplyčia Šiluvoje – vienintelis įgyvendintas ir iki mūsų dienų išlikęs architekto bei skulptoriaus Antano Vivulskio (1877–1919) monumentalus architektūros kūrinys. Paryžiuje studijavusiam menininkui 1903 m. projektą užsakė Šiluvos klebonas Marcijonas Jurgaitis. 1906 m. rugsėjį Šiluvos klebonas pateikė tvirtinti projektą bei sąmatą. Kadangi turėta per maža visos sumos dalis (39 222 rub.), projektas nebuvo patvirtintas. 1910 m. rugsėjį pareikalauta pateikti papildomus grunto zondavimo brėžinius taškuose, kur stovės pilonai, bei pamatų, pilonų, sienų, skliautų stabilumo skaičiavimus. Šį darbą atliko architektas Mykolas Dubovikas iš Kauno, rūpinęsis technine statybos priežiūra. 1911 m. birželio 11 d. Vidaus reikalų ministerija patvirtino statybos leidimą. Pradėtas statybas pertraukė Pirmasis pasaulinis karas, per apšaudymą nukentėjo sienų mūras. Koplyčia užbaigta 1922–1924 m., pašventinta 1924 m. rugsėjo 8 d. Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti Antano Vivulskio 1903–1906 m. suprojektuotos ir 1912–1924 m. pastatytos Šiluvos koplyčios meninio sprendimo unikalumą. Archyvinė ir ikonografinė medžiaga, dokumentuojanti koplyčios architektūrą, paskelbta autorės monografijoje. Ją toliau interpretuojant siekiama išryškinti koplyčios tūrio kompozicijoje ir medžiagų dermėje pastebimus tautiškumo aspektus bei įvertinti pastato stilistiką XX a. pirmosios pusės Lietuvos architektūros kontekste. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Antanas Vivulskis; Šiluvos Apreiškimo koplyčia; Modernizmas; Antanas Vivulskis; Šiluva chapel of the Apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary; Modernism.

ENThe article aims at revealing the architectural uniqueness of the Šiluva Chapel designed by Antanas Vivulskis in 1903-1906 and built in 1912-1924. It is sought to highlight national aspects observable in the architecture of the Chapel and evaluate the stylistics of the construction in the context of Lithuanian architecture of the first half of the 20th century. The Chapel of the Apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Šiluva is the only monumental creation rea lised by the architect and sculptor Antanas Vivulskis (1877-1919) and the one that survived until the present day. Antanas Vivulskis was the first one at the time who acquired a "dual" education. In 1897-1901 he graduated from Higher Technical School in Vienna (Technische Hochschule) and in 1902-1908 he studied at Paris National School of Fine Arts (École nationale supérieure des beauxarts). He had a possibility to visit a lot of countries of Western Europe and to get acquainted with their architecture. Being a representative of the historical nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania he consciously decided to work for Lithuania. Vivulskis designed the project for the Šiluva Chapel at the time when the cosmopolitan architecture of historical styles was spreading in Lithuania. In this context, the decision on the Chapel appeared to be very radical. Reasoning as a sculptor, alongside with the schemes he moulded out of clay the model of the Chapel. In one of his letters he formulated the aim that the Chapel had to be of the "Samogitian spirit".Raising over a stable plinth and reminding of the obelisk, the tower of the Chapel exhibits some gothic reminiscences. Nevertheless, it is furnished with two absolutely ingenious constituents: the cross which has become an architectural form embossed in the facade of the tower and wooden porches girdling the plinth part. Raising the cross onto the outside of the building constituted a novel artistic insight born out of the emoting in the essence and structure of the sacred building. A combination of wood and brick shows an effort to relate the tradition with the novation. Unfortunately, all four wooden porches were replaced by brick ones in 1957-1959, because Vivulskis' original idea had remained not understood. Formally, Vivulskis' creation could be paralleled with the Bismarck Tower in Bydgoszcz and the Monument to the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig. However, these are heroic monuments immortalizing historical personalities or events. Vivulskis created the monument to the heavenly honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Her Son. The architecture of the Šiluva Chapel was the first conscious experiment of the "national style" in the 20th century Lithuania. By this undertaking Vivulskis "surpassed time", therefore, his creation can be boldly compared with the Lithuanian modernism of the interwar period. [From the publication]