"Vakarų Rusijos" sampratos klausimu : imperinė atmintis ir istorijos mokymas

LTStraipsnyje nagrinėjamas imperinės atminties pateikimas mokymo priemonėse, skirtose vidurinėms Rusijos Federacijos mokykloms. Pastarąjį dešimtmetį viena iš dažniau aktualizuojamų temų mūsų Rytų kaimynystėje - ne tik carinės Rusijos bei sovietinės imperijos paveldo, bet ir proimperinio diskurso aktualizavimas. Vadovėlis "Vakarų Rusijos istorija" pasirinktas kaip neišsiskiriantis iš bendrų istorijos mokymo tendencijų ir atspindintis šiuolaikinį istorijos dėstymą Rusijoje. Šiame tekste apžvelgiamas "Vakarų Rusijos" sampratos vartojimas bei aiškinimas "vakarinių imperijos pakraščių" koncepcijos kontekste. Rusijos imperinė patirtis iš esmės vertinama pozityviai, juo labiau, kad imperijos praeities klausimas šiandien išlieka politiškai jautrus. Faktiškai sugrąžintas sovietinių laikų metodologinis ar net greičiau ideologinis šablonų rinkinys, pritaikytas šiai temai, kuris intensyviai pasitelkiamas istorijos mokymo procese, papildant jį carinės istoriografijos postulatais. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Imperinės istoriografijos transformacija; Postkolonijinės studijos; Vakarų Rusijos istorija; Transformation of the imperial historiography; Post-colonial studies; History of Western Russia.

ENRepresentation of historical memory and history didactics remains a poorly investigated area in Lithuania in the context of post-colonial studies. The main source and impetus to write this article was a history textbook "History of Western Russia. Kaliningrad District", prepared by a group of authors and edited by Andrej Klemeshev, Rector of Immanuel Kant Russian State University. This textbook is addressed to 6-7, 8-9 and 10-11 forms. Each part consists of Student's book, Teacher’s book and Workbook (rus. paбoчaя тeтpaдь). As the first level of this textbook was already discussed in the journal "History", the aim of this article is to throw some light on the parts which deal with 8-9 and 10-11 forms. The article mainly deals with the way how imperial memory is presented in textbooks for secondary schools. The objective of the study is to explain the usage of the concept "Western Russia" and clarify it in the context of the concept "western borders of the empire". This way we aim to provoke discussions about this poorly investigated history studies sphere. Discussion of the present-day Russia's historiographic landmarks and history teaching tendencies inevitably involves the issue of the imperial heritage (in the widest sense). In recent years, one of the most important questions being discussed in the Russian federation is Russia's relationship with the so-called "borderline countries" (rus. oкpauны). Contrary to academic discussions in the West where, during the last decade, the focus is on post-colonial studies, researches of Russian scientists / historians tend to follow the trend which conditionally could be called "nostalgia for the Empire". Actualization of the topic of the imperial heritage evoked contradictory evaluation in a present-day Russia's intellectual tradition.On the one hand, Western imperialism and colonialism, especially their destructive aspects, remain a dominant topic in Russia’s historiography. On the other hand, Russia’s imperial past and experience are estimated positively because this issue remains politically sensitive. The topics of Russian imperialism and colonialism remain beyond the boundaries of historical memory while the focus shifts towards the topics such as "the expansion of Russian lands" or "unselfish aid to the borderlands of empire". However, in recent years a new tendency became prominent, i. e. to view and study imperial traditions as a positive phenomenon. Consequently, this leads to a conclusion that the revised model of Russian imperial historiography and didactics found its place in contemporary Russia. Historical narrative "Russia versus West", which had gone into oblivion for a short spell of time in the last decade of the 20th century, is alive again. The methodological, or even ideological, model of the Soviet period, supplemented by the postulates of the Tsarist historiography, is in force again and is extensively applied to the process of history teaching. The textbook "History of Western Russia" follows generally accepted history teaching tendencies; it reflects the contemporary imperialistic discourse of our Eastern neighbour in teaching history with the exception of the history of Eastern Prussia which was "forgotten" during the Soviet period. It is presented as a part of western Russia’s history similar to all historical processes of Russia. Russification of this territory is grounded on the model which claimed lasting imperial relations between Eastern Prussia and Russia as well as the experience of Moscow while administering this territory.Such historical facts as, for example, ethnic cleansing during and after WW II, conducted by the Soviets, is simply not mentioned, and the vacuum is filled with the stories of Soviet propaganda. In fact, this textbook could be attributed to the category of the ones which propagated the idea "of freeing and annexation of territories" and did not mention the existence of the Soviet imperialism; this category could be supplemented by some elements of the Tsarist historiography. [From the publication]

• Politikos mokslai / Political sciences
• Istorija / History