Kaip neiššvaistyti protų: Lietuvos studentų nuostatos emigruoti

• Aidis, Ruta
• Krupickaitė, Dovilė

LTPagrindinis monografijos tikslas - supažindinti visuomenę ir specialistus su akademinio jaunimo emigracijos ypatumais: jos veiksniais, keliamomis problemomis, pagrindinėmis tendencijomis ir įvardyti galimus jos mažinimo būdus. Knygoje apibūdinama emigracija, migracijos, kaip ciklinio proceso, "protų nutekėjimo", "švaistymo" reiškiniai bei aktualiausios šių reiškinių tendencijos pasaulyje. Pristatomi autorių atlikto Lietuvos aukštųjų mokyklų studentų nuostatų emigruoti tyrimo rezultatai. Apibūdinamos studentų nuostatos emigruoti, jų sąsajos su studentų charakteristikomis, jų darbo patirtimi ir studijų ypatumais, aptariamos galimos migracijos kryptys, taip pat pateikiama pasiūlymų, ko reikėtų imtis, siekiant valdyti šį procesą. Tyrimas buvo vykdomas 2004-2006 metais. Apklausta 2394 įvairių specialybių daugumos Lietuvos universitetinių aukštųjų mokyklų studentų. Rezultatai parodė, kad apie trečdalis Lietuvos studentų planuoja ilgesnį laiką išvykti iš Lietuvos, o daugiau negu 60 proc. norėtų išvykti bent trumpam. Absoliuti dauguma studentų planuoja grįžti. Pagrindinė paskata emigruoti yra vertybinių nuostatų nulemtas nepasitenkinimas esamomis sąlygomis, todėl labai svarbu skirti kuo daugiau dėmesio darbo rinkos sureguliavimui, sukurti pakankamai darbo vietų, kurioms reikia aukštos kvalifikacijos specialistų, optimizuoti parengiamų specialistų skaičių prie rinkos poreikių priderinant jų kvalifikaciją, sudaryti palankias sąlygas pradėti savarankišką verslą.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Migracija; Studentai; Migration; Students; Jaunimas; Studentija; Vertybinės orientacijos; Emigracija; Emigration.

ENYoung adults have the greatest inclination towards migration. However, very little data are currently available as to the specific characteristics of this population of migrants, especially in Eastern Europe. In this book attention is foccused on a very important segment of youth migration, namely university students in Lithuania. Although at present the wave of emigration from Lithuania has stabilised, the migration of Lithuania's youth has not diminished and incorporates an ever-increasing number of educated individuals. [...] In order to gain insight into the tendencies towards migration of university students in Lithuania, 2394 completed questionnaires were collected from university students in 2004- 2006. Control data were also collected from 661 students studying at Lithuanian colleges in 2006-2007. The questionnaire contained a total of 46, mainly closed-ended, questions which addressed the following nine interest areas: 1) demographic information; 2) family/ parent characteristics; 3) study characteristics; 4) work experience in Lithuania; 5) work or study experience abroad; 6) future plans to work abroad; 7) motivations to work or live abroad; 8) destination countries, and 9) possible strategies to reduce emigration. Students studying in Lithuania's main universities were surveyed. Students studying in the most 'mobile' majors (i.e. most easily applied in a foreign context) such as economics, computer science, engineering and medicine were targeted. Similarly, the control group of college respondents originated from eleven of Lithuania's primary colleges located throughout the country. Both samples correspond well to the general proportion of students in Lithuania. [...].Our study found support for the proposition that the main reason for emigration is not the poor social or economic position of the students but, to a significant degree, the students' perceived dissatisfaction with their current condition which frequently does not fulfil their needs such as the need for status. In essence, this means that for students the pull factor to work abroad is of greater influence than the push factor to leave Lithuania. Therefore, though the predominant factors for migration were economic ones, they are also combined with other reasons such as the realisation of job and lifestyle goals. [...] the results of our regression analysis indicated that both university and college students who had worked abroad tended to be older (more mature) than the sample in general. Partial support was found for the expectation that a parent living abroad would be associated with working abroad. For university students, either mother or father living abroad is significantly associated with a student having worked abroad, but this was not found to be the case for college students. Neither university or college, nor major were found to be significant drivers for having worked abroad or planning to work abroad. University students without siblings were more likely to plan to work abroad than did students with siblings. This result counters our expectation that students without siblings would be less likely to plan to work abroad due to pressure from their parents to stay nearby. However, college students without siblings were not found to be significantly associated with plans to work abroad after graduation. [...].This book further explores the relationship between destination country and student characteristics for university students that have worked abroad. [...] Our statistical analysis shows that in terms of long-term migration, the economic motives that influence the choice of country arc also related to other factors, most importantly the ability to maintain tics with Lithuania and to obtain legal employment. In addition, in choosing a destination country, social ties play a very important role, albeit their overall importance varies. [...] The realistic strategies to avoid the problems that arise as a result of the emigration of qualified young specialists necessitate a multifaceted approach. It is very important to create the conditions in Lithuania that will retain specialists and at the same time attract emigrants to return. The emigration of students could be reduced by creating conditions for students to find jobs in Lithuania that match their qualifications and develop their professional skills. Also, programs that would assist in new business start-up for students could reduce the outflow of students with entrepreneurial ambitions. A considerable proportion of the tendencies of Lithuanian students are similar to the general global transnational tendencies. We believe that this type of migration will be cyclical and that the ebb and flow of student emigration will be strongly affected by macroeconomic factors and also as our research indicates, by student as well as parents' attitudes towards working abroad are of fundamental influence on student migration. However, certain country-wide preconditions are necessary for cyclical migration to be fostered. Most importantly, domestic policy needs to focus on facilitating the return of migrants. Also, the reorganization of the domestic labour market could help retain young specialists while enticing those who have left to return.