Istorinės ir geografinės metamorfozės : dvaras-valsčius-miestelis-kaimas (Aluotų atvejis)

LTStraipsnyje vieno, žinomo nuo XVI a. vidurio, Aluotų dvaro (buv. Ukmergės apskritis, dab. Kupiškio r.) pavyzdžiu aptariama gana tipiškos Lietuvos bajorų valdos raida, kurią lėmė radikalūs ekonominiai-politiniai pokyčiai visame krašte. Dvaro istorija aprėpiama nuo pirmųjų paminėjimų iki dalinio sunykimo XIX a., apžvelgiamos vėlesnės atskirų dvaro dalių transfomacijos. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Dvaras; Palivarkas; Valsčius; Miestelis; Kaimas; Estate; Folwark; Commune; Town; Village.

ENHow did it come to pass that some Lithuanian estates developed into towns or even cities, becoming important administrative, agricultural and cultural centers, whilst the greater percentage were converted into ordinary villages; villages which, in turn, fell into rapid decline or even vanished entirely? Why have a large amount of estates remained (or are in the process of winding down) as separate farmsteads, whilst in the past they maintained a very clear position of dominance in the surrounding landscape? Seeking an answer to these questions, the article attempts to begin its enquiry utilizing the history of one concrete object. In this way, using the example of an estate that survived several centuries, efforts were made to view the estates within the wider context of historical geography. The author discusses the ways in which the wars, rebellions, land reforms and other factors changed the appearance of a certain place, and how various historical processes determined the evolution of a separate estate of their group. The Aluotos Estate, which was consistently mentioned in records from the mid-16t h century onwards, had already experienced, within the earliest stages of its development, the bonds, lending, divisions, alternation of its owners and other stages of evolution characteristic to the domain of Lithuanian nobility. The most fateful century for this estate of the Pliateriai family was the 19th century when a large part of it (palivarkas of Aluotėliai) was devolved to the new owner because of debts, and its remaining domains were confiscated after the rebellion of 1831 to the behoof of the treasury of Russia (since the owners of the estate, who participated in it, were announced to be offenders of the state).Everything progressed so that that Estate of Aluotėliai, which remained in the proprietorship of private owners, became, after one hundred years, the village of Adomynė, the center of the parish and eventually even a town. The original centre Aluotos (even if it gave the name to a commune formed in the 2nd half of the 19th century which survived until 1915) diminished completely and another village emerged in its place. Today no-one in this village remembers the important centres of the neighborhood which once existed there. Thus, in the historical evolution of this particular example, the rather wide spectrum of metamorphoses of the estate which are characteristic to our country, are well reflected. It is not, apparently, complete, but proposes a certain direction for further investigations. These investigations could cover similar examples of the estates and their progression through the centuries, allowing us, in conclusion, to better answer the questions raised above. [From the publication]

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