Refrenas tumba : kilmės ir pirminės prasmės problema

LTStraipsnio objektas - liaudies dainos su refrenu tumba tumba, iš pažiūros banalios, nevertos folkloro tyrėjų dėmesio. Tikslas - iškelti šio refreno kilmės bei prasmės lietuvių liaudies dainose problemą, palyginant jas ir su panašiomis kitų tautų dainomis. Metodai - istorinis tipologinis lyginamasis, analitinis aprašomasis, etnolingvistinis. Prielaidos: refreno žodis tumba, viena vertus, galėjo reikšti ką nors pūsta, stora (muzikoje — žemą, "storą" garsą) - tai paaiškintų šio refreno apatinėje balso partijoje prasmę; kita vertus, jis galėjo būti susijęs su būgno skambėsi imituojančia garsažodine žyminčia šaknimi tum- (plg. bum-, bam-, bim-, dum-, dun- ir pan.). Išvados: liaudies dainų refrenas tumba yra tarptautinis reiškinys, todėl turėtų būti kompleksiškai tiriamas {vairių šalių (ir sričių) specialistų. Kol kas manytina, kad į lietuvių (kaip ir kitų tautų) folklorą jis nežinomais keliais atklydo iš svetur kaip dainos instrumentinio pritarimo imitacija. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Lietuvių liaudies dainos; Poetiniai tekstai; Refrenai; 'tumba'; Muzkinė semantika; Lithuanian folk songs; Poetic texts; Refrains; 'tumba'; Musical semantics.

ENLithuanian songs with the refrain tumba tumba are at the centre of this paper. From the first glance they may appear banal and seem to not have much academic interest, but Daiva Račiūnaitė-Vyčinienė contradicts such a view by looking at foreign songs that have similar refrains tumbe and zumba(e). She wonders whether the Lithuanian song refrain tumba has a genetic relation to Aroma, Serb and Croat songs with similar refrains or whether they are accidental sonoric chimes. The word tiimba in Lithuanian is a feminine noun that means "smali cupboard at a desk", "stool", etc. or a neutral noun meaning "somebody small, plump, clumsy". The latter meaning derives from the Lat. vulg. tumba (grave), which is considered to be a derivative of the Greek zöpßoc (hill, cemetery hill, barrow, and grave). It shares the same root with the Latin tumere. All of these words belong to the same nest: Lat. tume (round, plump), tumulis (ball, puff), Lith. tumėti, tumulas (get round, fatten up, etc.). Having discussed all these meanings, the assumption is made that the refrain tumba tumba would be perfect for the drone (lowest, thickest, darkest) voice parts.Some instruments or their parts suggest the possibility to relate the refrain tumba to something "thick", either low sound or thick parts of some instruments. E.g. a tumbu is the biggest Sardinian Launedian pipe, the Indian vina, is called tumba vina due to its pumpkin resonator, a drum is called tumba because of its impressive size and shape. Račiūnaitė-Vyčinienė observes that in different languages a strongly emphasised sound is often represented by similar stressed syllables, e.g. tum-(dum-), tun-(dun-), tam-, tom-, and bum-, bam- {ban-), etc. In folk songs they are the bases for coining refrains as well as imitations of instrumental accompniment, e.g. the drum. The conclusion is made that the refrain word tumba could signify something puffed, fat (in music - low sound). This would explain the use of the refrain for the low voice part. On the other hand, it could be related to the sonoric word root imitating the sound of drum turn- (plg. bum-, bam-, bim-, dum-, dun-, etc.). Refrain tumba in songs is an international phenomenon that has found its way into Lithuanian folklore. It imitates the instrumental accompaniment of the song. [From the publication]