Politinės bausmės katalikų dvasininkijai patriotinio sąjūdžio metais (1861-1862)

LTBausmės katalikų dvasininkijai 1861-1862 m. tam tikrais laikotarpiais skyrėsi. Nepaskelbus karo padėties jos buvo administracinės. Esant karo padėčiai administracinis persekiojimas stiprintas teisiniu. 1861-1862 m. nubausti 35 dvasininkai (16 iš Žemaičių, 19 iš Vilniaus vyskupijos), iš jų 6 įkalinti (visi iš Žemaičių vyskupijos), 10 ištremta (2 iš Žemaičių ir 8 iš Vilniaus vyskupijos) į Oloneco, Tobolsko, Penzos, Viatkos, Orenburgo gubernijas. Nepaskelbus karo padėties dėl patriotinio sąjūdžio drausmine nuobauda ar policijos priežiūra nubausti 5 dvasininkai. Kitų politiškai prasikaltusių dvasininkų represijos vyko esant karo padėčiai. 1861-1862 m. teismine tvarka buvo nubausta apie 20% dvasininkų iš visų baustų dvasininkų, taigi vyravo administracinės bausmės. Bausmės dvasininkams Vilniaus generalgubernijoje apėmė trėmimus, įkalinimą, dvasinių funkcijų siaurinimą, perkėlimą į vienuolyną ar kitą parapiją apribojant pareigas ir teises, epitimiją, dvasinės ir civilinės valdžios pastabas, įspėjimus, dvasinės vadovybės ir policijos priežiūrą. Dvasininkijos trėmimai Lietuvoje prasidėjo vėliau nei Lenkijoje. Už dalyvavimą patriotiniame sąjūdyje baustų dvasininkų skaičius Vilniaus ir Žemaičių vyskupijose santykinai buvo mažesnis nei Liublino ir Palenkės vyskupijose. Tai leistų kalbėti apie Vilniaus ir Žemaičių vyskupijose 1861-1862 m. mažesnes dvasininkijos represijas. Atlikta Vilniaus generalgubernijos katalikų dvasininkijos represijų statistinė analizė leidžia daryti išvadą, kad patriotiniam sąjūdžiui Lietuvoje, kaip ir Lenkijoje, angažavosi nežymi katalikų dvasininkijos dalis.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Politinės bausmės; Patriotinis sąjūdis; Vilniaus vyskupija; Žemaičių vyskupija; Katalikų dvasininkija; Political punishment; Partiotic movement; Vilnius Dioceses; Samogitian Diocese; Catholic clergy.

ENThe article presents statistics on the members of the clergy of the Vilnius and Samogitian Dioceses who experienced repressions during the patriotic movement (1861-1862). The extent of punishments imposed on the clergy, their nature, and the Lithuanian situation are compared to the Kingdom of Poland in the context of the system of contemporary punishments imposed on movement members. It evaluates the scale of the Catholic clergy's involvement in the patriotic movement in the Vilnius and Samogitian Dioceses. During the analysis it was established that the punishments imposed on the Catholic clergy, while no martial law existed, were restricted by administrative measures. During martial law the administrative prosecution of individuals who committed political crimes were strengthened by legal prosecution. The latter was conducted by police courts, investigation commissions, and courts martial. While no martial law existed, 5 members of the clergy received disciplinary punishments restricting their functions or police supervision due to the patriotic movement. The courts, punishments, and deportation of the other members of the clergy who committed political crimes occurred under martial law. In 1861-1862 about 20% of all the punished members of the clergy were punished by judicial procedure, thus, administrative punishments predominated in respect to members of the clergy.The punishments for accused members of the clergy in Vilnius Province, like in Kingdom of Poland, included exile, imprisonment, restriction of their spiritual functions, transfer to a monastery or another parish and thereby restricting their rights, epitimesis, remarks and warnings by the spiritual and civil authorities, and supervision by the spiritual leadership and police. According to the available information, investigations against 46 members of the clergy in the Vilnius and Samogitian dioceses were begun in 1861-1862. 35 clergy members were punished (16 from the Samogitian and 19 from the Vilnius diocese). Of them, 6 were imprisoned (all from the Samogitian diocese) and 10 exiled (2 from the Samogitian and 8 from the Vilnius diocese). Olonec, Tobolsk, Penza, Viatka, and Orenburg provinces became the exile locations. The deportation of the clergy began later in Lithuania than in Poland. The relative number of the clergy members punished for participation in the patriotic movement was smaller in the Vilnius and Samogitian dioceses than in the Lublin and Podlasie dioceses. Thus it is possible to speak about smaller repressions against clergy members in the Vilnius and Samogitian dioceses in 1861-1862 and about the smaller role of the members of the Catholic clergy in the patriotic movement. The statistical analysis made of the repressions against the members of the Catholic clergy by the Vilnius governor-general allows one to expand the conclusion by Polish historian E. Niebelski that an insignificant part of the members of the Catholic clergy were engaged in the patriotic movement in Lithuania as in Poland. [From the publication]During some periods from 1861 to 1862, penalties imposed on Catholic clergy varied. Before announcing the state of war, they were of administrative type. When the state of war was announced, administrative victimization was intensified by legal means. During 1861-1862, 35 clergymen (16 from Samogitian, and 19 from Vilnius dioceses) were punished: 6 (all from Samogitian diocese) were imprisoned, 10 (2 from Samogitian, and 8 from Vilnius dioceses) were expatriated to the provinces of Olonec, Tobolsk, Penza, Viatka, and Orenburg. Before announcing the state of war, 5 clergymen were imposed disciplinary penalties or a police tendance for initiating a patriotic movement. Other victimization of politically offending clergymen was exercised during the state of war. During 1861-1862, 20% of all the punished clergymen were imposed under judiciary procedure; therefore, we can say administrative penalties prevailed. The penalties for the clergymen in Vilnius diocese included expatriation, imprisonment, narrowing of pastoral functions, relocation to another parish limiting rights and duties, epitimia, notations from church and civil authorities, warnings, and tendance by church and civil authorities. Expatriations of clergymen in Lithuania started earlier than in Poland. The number of clergymen punished for participation in the patriotic movement in the dioceses of Samogitia and Vilnius was relatively lower than in the dioceses of Lublin and Podlachia. This means that repressions of clergymen during 1861-1862 in the dioceses of Samogitia and Vilnius were of the lower scope. The statistical analysis of the repressions of Catholic clergymen in the general province of Vilnius shows that the part of clergymen engaged in the patriotic movement in Lithuania as well as in Poland was relatively small.