Vilniaus "krikščionių" medžio apdirbimo cechai XIX a. I pusėje: organizacinė struktūra, gamybos pobūdis, kolektyvinė biografija

LTStraipsnyje pateikiama nauja medžiaga apie Vilniaus "krikščionių" medžio apdirbimo cechų - stalių, kubilių, račių ir tekintojų - valdymo organizaciją, funkcionavimo aplinkybes miesto ūkiniame, visuomeniniame ir religiniame gyvenime, taip pat nagrinėjami šių korporacinių organizacijų narių kolektyvinės biografijos elementai, susiję su municipalinės karjeros, teritorinės kilmės, socialinės ir šeiminės padėties, giminystės ryšių bei turtinės padėties problematika. Atskleidžiama, kad daugiau kaip per 50 metų mažiausiai pakito korporacinių organizacijų struktūra bei religinio reguliavimo sfera, o didžiausios permainos buvo susijusios su monopolistinių teisių praradimu, išaugusiu konkurencijos lygiu gamyboje bei dinaminiais kadrų pokyčiais. Pagal gamybos apimtį ir reikšmę, didėjantį narių skaičių, altoriaus išlaikymą, sėkmingus meistrų municipalinės karjeros atvejus vienintelį stalių cechą galima priskirti mieste pirmaujančių cechų grupei, išlaikiusiai visuomeninio prestižo ženklus. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Vilnius; Cechas; Statutas; Stalius; Kubilius; Račius; Tekintojas; Meistras; Pameistrys; Vilnius (19th century); Guild; Joiner; Cooper; wheelwright; Turner; Master; Apprentice.

ENDuring 1795-1850, the privileges and statutes issued by the rulers of Poland and grand dukes of Lithuania, as well as traditions and certain provisions of the Russian guild law still regulated the organizational structure, intercommunion, religious and social life of the Vilnius "Christian" woodworking guilds (i. e. joiners, coopers, wheelwrights, turners). The most important among the aforementioned guilds was the guild of joiners, which had the greatest membership, would be commissioned by large state enterprises, and was producing a wide range of goods, including furniture, doors, windows, coffins, etc. The other guilds were incapable to come up to the guild of joiners either in number of members or in wealth, and the narrowness of their specialization was a known feature. The guilds remained the most relevant producers in the inner city market, but they experienced a strong rivalry from the side of non-guild craftsmen and hucksters (Jews and peasants) offering goods produced in province, and from the side of masters of the Jewish joiners-cabinetmakers guild (in the case of joiners).Masters of woodworking guilds used to marry after reaching a mature age (30-40), while wives on the average were 10 years younger, and families were not large, most often 4 or 5 persons. From the point of geographical origin, a rapid decline of the number of foreign masters (i. e. newcomers from various German lands, Prussia in particular, and Polish cities) can be observed, despite the fact that in the late eighteenth century they constituted a potential majority.Dynamic changes were not characteristic of the social status of members of the guilds, because citizenry remained the main source of origin of masters, although the number of disciples of noblemen and peasant origin gradually began to increase. Property differentiation among masters did exist, but the owners of realty in cities comprised a minority: according to the data of 1795, there were 30 per cent of wheelwrights, 9 per cent of joiners, as coopers and turners did not own a house or site at all. The majority of masters had roughly equal financial capacities and were able just to lease a room (an apartment or house in exceptional cases) within a city, but most often in suburbs. Masters of woodworking guilds were not firmly established in the elective institutions of the city government, because they a possessed minimal number of candidates able to meet the requirements (to dispose of realty, to have a primary background) to enter the incumbencies. [From the publication]