Baltų kalbų įvardžių semantinė ir morfologinė struktūra : sinchronija ir diachronija

LTMonografijoje šiuolaikinės semantikos ir morfologijos tyrimo metodais tiriama baltų kalbų jvardžių semantinė ir morfologinė struktūra. Nustatomi diferenciniai požymiai, pagal kuriuos aprašoma kiekvieno įvardžio reikšmė kaip tų požymių kompleksas ir įvardžio vieta sistemoje. Tuo pagrindžiama ir nauja įvardžių klasifikacija. Naujai aiškinama išvestinių formų daryba, jų konstrukcinis ikonizmas ir sinkretizmas. Diachroniniu aspektu autorius rekonstruoja baltų prokalbės įvardžių leksincsemantinę struktūrą ir linksniavimo sistemą, motyvuotai aiškina tų sistemų raidą atskirose baltų kalbose ir jų tarmėse. Skiriama kalbininkams, dėstytojams, doktorantams, magistrantams ir visiems humanitarams. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Baltų kalbos; įvardžiai; Morfologija; Sinchronija; Diachronija; Baltic languages; Pronouns; Morphology; Sinchrony; Diachrony; Morfologinė sandara; Semantinė sandara; Linksnis; Hierarchija; Rekonstrukcija; Baltų prokalbė; Baltic Languages; Morphological structure; Semantic structure; Case; Hierarchy; Reconstruction; Proto-Baltic.

ENThe main aim of the present monograph is to give a synchronic and diachronic description of the semantic and the morphological structure of Baltic pronouns. Pronouns constitute a class of linguistic elements which belong to deictic and cognitive means of expression. The major function they perform is that of reference, i. e. correlation between an utterance or its segment and reality which comprises objects, persons, events, situations and the position of objects in the real world. Pronouns cannot be considered empty' words; the analysis of their meanings proves that pronouns have their own designatum which is complicated to establish. It may, however be conceived of as a set of distinctive features which manifest themselves in various aspects of pronominal functions. [...] The semantic structure of Baltic pronouns can be described by the following pairs of distinctive features: 1) deictic / non-deictic (cognitive); 2) emphatic / unemphatic; 3) identical / non-identical (different); 4) demonstrative / undemonstrative; 5) direct / indirect; 6) distal / non-distal; 7) personal / impersonal (possessive); 8) reflexive / non-reflexive; 9) participant / non-participant; 10) proximal / non-proximal (far); 11) interrogative / non-interrogative; 12) reciprocal / non-reciprocal; 13) affirmative / non-affirmative (negative); 14) general / non-general (existent); 15) definite / indefinite; 16) segmental / non-segmental; 17) countable / uncountable; 18) abundant / non-abundant and 19) elective / non-elective.The employment of dendrograms and the system of distinctive features proves to be most effective in describing the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations of pronouns as well as in disclosing the correlations and clusters of correlations characteristic of pronouns. Moreover, the synchronic description of the semantic system and the paradigms of Baltic pronouns by means of modern linguistic methods contributes to diachronic studies as well. The above investigation is the first step in the reconstruction of the pronominal semantic system and the paradigms of the Baltic languages in particular, and the Proto-Baltic epoch in general. The diachronic part of the monograph is an attempt: 1) to reconstruct the primary inventory and the semantic structure of the pronouns in Proto- Baltic; 2) to disclose the complex process of further changes in the inventory and the semantic structure of Baltic pronouns; 3) to establish general and particular laws in the evolution of the inventory and the semantic structure of the pronouns under consideration; 4) to reconstruct the paradigms of Proto- Baltic pronouns and 5) to examine the conditions and internal motivation of their case-form modifications. The typological and historical comparison of the lexical system and of the semantic structure of Baltic pronouns on the basis of the data from dialects and old manuscripts allows one to draw the following important diachronic conclusions: 1) both the lexical system and the semantic structure of the pronouns of each Baltic language have undergone a complicated process of evolution; 2) the pronominal inventory has been constantly replenished by new pronouns.