Ekokritikos akivarai

LTŠiuolaikinė visuomenė marga, kartais konfliktuojanti, kartais tolerantiška, tačiau visada mėginanti numatyti perspektyvas, prognozuojanti ir besivilianti tobulėti. Tarpdalykinės studijos - vienas iš geriausių būdų išryškinti tam tikrus kultūrinius dėsningumus, apmąstyti susiklosčiusias visuomenės gyvenimo situacijas. Ekokritika, ganėtinai nauja tyrinėjimų sritis, gręžiasi į literatūros erdves, literatūrą suvokdama kaip tarpininką tarp ekosistemos narių - tarp žmonių ir aplinkos; tarpdalykinėms studijoms vis populiarėjant, o literatūrologams ieškant naujų tyrinėjimo laukų, ekokritika tampa intriguojančia perspektyva. Svarbiausias šios knygos tikslas - išaiškinti praktines ekokritikos galimybes, akcentuoti šios tarpdalykinių studijų srities specifiką ir atskleisti jos siūlomus literatūros ir kultūros tyrinėjimo būdus. Knygos autorės šių tikslų siekė pasirinkusios skirtingus kelius, tačiau suvienytos to paties objekto - novatoriškų ekologijos ir literatūrologuos sankirtų, kertinių ekokritikos teiginių, atspindinčių plačiosios aplinkos ir žmogaus sąveikas. Ekokritika gali būti akademiška, atstojanti tekstą "preparuojantį" instrumentą, gali būti populiari, kviečianti diskutuoti ir verčianti imtis konkrečios veiklos, gali būti tarsi laidininkas, pernešantis kelių mokslo sričių idėjų energiją; knygos autorės stengėsi pateisinti visas šias ekokritikos traktuotes. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Ekokritika; Literatūros ekologija; Literatūros kritika; Kultūra; Ryšiai; Ecocriticism; Ecology of literature; Literary criticism; Culture; Connections; Ekokritika; Gamtovaizdis; Ekologija; Pelkė.

EN[...] The aim of this entry is to reveal the new possibilities of interdisciplinary studies and to ponder upon possible contribution of the researchers of arts into the work of environmentalists and ecologists while seeking effective solutions, concerning the whole biosphere and ecosystem. Ecocriticism as a new branch of literary research could be treated as a link between "eco" and "ego", between our ecosystem and it's literary representations and interpretations. The first time literature was observed from the ecological point of view was in 1974, when Joseph Meeker's book "The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology" appeared. According to J.Meeker, a human being is a specific "literary creature"; the capacity to create (to write and to read) distinguishes him from other species [...] Statements, indicating the main focusi of ecocriticism: 1) "the relationship of the human race to other forms of life, particularly to the higher animals; 2) the study of interrelationships in the natural world, almost universally known today as ecology; 3) the transformation of nature by human agency, interpretations that have been made of it, and the ideas it has engendered; 4) subjective, emotional, and aesthetic reactions to nature". These important issues stipulate other branches of the research - Ecopsychology, Ecophilosophy, Ecofeminism, Cultural studies, etc. - and make us think over the meaning of (non)dualism of culture and nature, the parallels of nature and language systems, the treatment of the anthrophocentric point of view, the problems of place and identity.While interpreting the truths of R.Barthes, M.Foucault, J.Derrida, J.Lacano and others, the ecocritics (T.Hughes, W.Rueckert, L.Buell, T.Gifford, G. A. Love, C. J . Glacken, W. Howarth, etc.) try to embed a new point of view, based on the issues beneficial to ecology [...]. Ecology analyzes correlations of unanimated and organized nature, the interrelations of different organisms and the environment they inhabit. The most important problem of modern ecology - the research of harmoniously organized nature, of various opposite processes, of the laws of the balance, which determine the formation and stability of that balance. [...] Ecology and literary research emphasize the process, trace various changes of environment or in the realm of culture, therefore the suggestions of ecocritics not to separate nature and culture seem reasonable and acceptable. So culture is identified with "civilized nation", which is equated to any community; as we see the threshold between culture and nature is eliminated, the vitally important dependence is highlighted. So having in mind such assumptions, the concept of anthropocentrism should be changed with ecocentrism, while underlining the necessity to destroy the motiveless hierarchys. Nevertheless, it's impossible to ponder upon issues of ecocentrism not discussing the characteristics and capacity of a human-being, who is usually not so smart while speaking about his attitudes towards nature and global problems of ecology.[...] The main aim of ecocritics is to "materialize" senses and to make this powerful concept closer. May be this could be done with a help of literary texts, which could serve as specific sessions of relaxation. While reading such "ecotext" a human being experiences certain emotions, which provoke particular thoughts. This complex percept - ecosystem and all it's elements - comes closer. Therefore so-called "ecoliterature" could be treated as really influential, while speaking about the cooperation of literary researchers and ecologists. [...] Studying literary texts one could answer a lot of questions, concerning nowadays problems and not only ecological ones, though it's rather difficult to separate environment and ecology, looking from the point of view of ecocritics. The constant nervous state of mind, rush and anxiety could be explained with the help of ecocritical insights, provoked by literary texts. [...].