Adata lietuvių ir kitų Europos tautų patarlėse

LTŠio straipsnio objektas - patarlės ir priežodžiai, kuriuose minima adata. Jie atrinkti iš LLTI sisteminės Lietuvių patarlių ir priežodžių kartotekos. Šalia retesnių posakių pasitaiko ir labai populiarių, turinčių iki poros šimtų variantų. Tokios patarlės ir priežodžiai dažnai žinomi ir kitose Europos tautose. Straipsnyje stengtasi aprėpti ir šiuos tarptautinius atitikmenis (ypač kaimyninių tautų posakius). Darbo tikslas - nustatyti, kokiomis adatos ypatybėmis grindžiamas metaforinis reikšmės perkėlimas įvairių tipų vaizduose, kaip adata formuoja vaizdų branduolius ir su kokiomis kitomis realijomis juose siejama, koks adatos įvaizdžio, kaip stilistikos elemento, vaidmuo patarlių ir priežodžių ekspresijoje. Tam naudojami semantinės analizės ir struktūrinis metodai. Pasitelkus gretinamąjį metodą, mėginama išryškinti vaizdo komponentų ir struktūros analogijas tarp lietuvių ir kitų Europos tautų patarlių. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Adata; Patarlės; Priežodžiai; Lietuviai; Needle; Proverbs; Sayings; Lithuanians.

ENThe object of investigation is proverbs and sayings, which contain the word adata (a needle). It is analyzed how adata moulds the image kernels of different types as well as what is the role of its image, as a stylistic element, in the expression of proverbs and sayings. It has been established that the transition of the metaphoric meaning in the images of proverbs and sayings is based on both the essential features of a needle (sharpness and smallness) and its functional application. Alongside, some other additional or secondary features could also be specified: in a number of proverbs its cheapness and worthlessness are stressed, whereas the other proverbs reveal the utmost importance and indispensability of it as an instrument of production. Not a single proverb was found, which could be based on the magical features of a needle, as is the case with other folklore genres, for example, magical folktales, beliefs or exorcism. In the kernels of poetic images adata is mostly related to contrasting realities, such as size, sharpness, material value, or to these, which have natural associative- logical links, for instance, siuvėjas, siūlas, antpirštis, kailiniai, marškiniai. Adata itself possesses a great number of equivalents in different proverb variations: a single common feature is sufficient for it to be changed into seemingly unrelated and even belonging to different spheres of reality objects.In provebs of verse or rhythmic forms the choice for its equivalent can be due to the phonetic similarity of the word. This lexical variety only slightly changes the semantics of the proverb rather than destroys its poetic image because the syntactical type model remains stable. The images of proverbs and sayings containing the needle motif are frequently hyperbolysed. The essence of reality is intentionally trans¬formed: the image becomes more vivid and plastic and the entire proverb gains a certain degree of bitterness, mockery and soft irony. The great majority of the twenty-two types of the proverbs, discussed in the article, are international and only two of them (2.3 and 3.2) are widely spread in Europe and also have equivalents in several tens of languages. In a number of cases these proverbs are analogous to the Lithuanian ones for their image of structure and meaning, as well as their lexical composition, are identical. However, the equivalent image, preserved in other languages, is frequently expanded by the help of additional motifs or, on the basis of the same syntactical model, moulded from different realia. [From the publication]