Moters kelias į akademiją : istorija ir dabartis

LT[...] Pagrindinis dėmesys šiame straipsnyje skiriamas apžvelgti akademinės moters situacijai Lietuvos moksle remiantis istorine–kultūrine bei sociologinės analizės perspektyva. Akademine moterimi vadinama moteris, kuri dėsto ar / ir atlieka mokslinius tyrimus universitete ar / ir mokslo tiriamojoje institucijoje. Straipsnio tikslas – parodyti, kad moterų lygių teisių ir galimybių problema susijusi ne tik su pavienėmis moterimis; tai yra visuomeninė problema, nuo kurios sprendimo priklauso demokratijos raida Lietuvoje. Atitinkamas dėmesys skiriamas išaiškinti diskriminacijos suvokimo lygmeniui akademinėje bendruomenėje. Straipsnyje panaudota M. Taljūnaitės ir A. Žvinklienės 2001–2002 metų sociologinio tyrimo “Demokratija ir moteris: akademinės moterys Lietuvos ir ES darbo rinkoje. Dabartis ir perspektyvos” medžiaga. Pasitelkiant fenomenologinės tradicijos kokybinį tyrimo metodą pasirinkta ekspertų apklausa atliekant standartizuotą interviu. Iš viso atlikta dvidešimt interviu su žmonėmis, turinčiais mokslo laipsnį ir / arba pedagoginį vardą, priklausančiais akademinei bendruomenei, užimančiais įvairaus lygio pareigybes ir turinčiais skirtingus statusus (nuo asistento ir doktoranto iki profesoriaus, akademiko bei mokslo administratoriaus). 40 proc. atrinktųjų sudarė vyrai. Taikyta ir kontrolinė grupė – aštuoni interviu buvo atlikti su kitų šalių atitinkamais ekspertais (iš Suomijos, Rusijos, Latvijos, Šveicarijos, Italijos, JAV ir Vokietijos). [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Akademinė bendruomenė; Diskriminacija; Europinė kultūra; Išsilavinimas; Lyčių lygybė; Moteris; Moteris mokslininkė; Academic community; Discrimination; Education; European culture; Gender equality; Lithuania; Woman; Woman scientist.

ENThe main idea of the article to show that the practice of legal "equal rights" even enlarged by concept of "equal opportunities" entails more dissembled and sophisticated forms of women’s discrimination, and therefore gender has remained under the control of public discourse. In spite of society’s democratisation, the development of gender ideology remained in the frame of Chistian structure: a woman is a servant of a man. Women on the top of social hierarchy, regardless of positive changes towards women’s representation here, were, and are rather an exception than a rule. Sociological analysis of this social phenomenon is based on case study of women in science in Lithuania from a historical–cultural perspective and recent qualitative research data on academic women. Academic women indicate women who are teaching and / or pursuing scientific research in universities and / or scientific research institutions. Social history may be regarded as a permanent struggle between woman’s exclusion from the so-called public sphere by pushing her towards a private sphere on the one hand, and woman’s strife for inclusion in the public sphere on another hand. The main instrument of this struggle is access to education. Social factors influencing the number of women in science are the public attitudes concerning the standard of sufficient education for a woman, and how science - its branches, its specialization, namely research and / or teaching - is associated with a female carrier.Despite the trend towards the so-called feminization of definite disciplines, mostly in humanities and social sciences that has a long historical tradition, science is after all a highly masculine activity also, with still visible divisions between masters and servants from a gender perspective. The leadership in academy remains in the frame of the "old boys network", and the most academic women remain slaves of gender that precludes them from leadership in academy as well. Slaves of gender means that women prefer / are compelled to follow traditional gender patterns that prescribe them main duties in the private sphere. Solution of socialistic "Women’s question", that is implementation of the principle of equality between women and men does not achievement of the last generation. The equal rights of individual choice to vote, education, profession, etc. are executed by several generations of Lithuanians, and hence, became an inherent part of the public discourse. That is why the fact of informal women’s discrimination is often perceived as a norm of existing culture or at least non- actual social issues. A short English version of women’s status in science of Lithuania from a historical–cultural perspective is presented in the article of Alina Zvinkliene "Representation Without Power: Academic Women in Lithuania", in Ch.Giordano, A.Zvinkliene, D. Henseler D. (eds.), The Baltic States: Looking at Small Societies on Europe’s Margin, University Press Fribourg Switzerland, 2003, and it’s electronic version in the online journal Kleja on website of Vilnius University Gender Studies Center http:// www.moterys.lt, Kleja no.4. [From the publication]