Indėliai Baltijos valstybių bankuose ir jų draudimo sistemos

LTStraipsnyje analizuojami indėliai, laikomi Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Estijos komerciniuose bankuose, jų kiekio bei struktūros (pagal rūšis, terminus, valiutas ir indėlininkus) kitimo tendencijos nuo 1994 m. Taip pat nagrinėjama, kaip veikia Baltijos šalių indėlių draudimo sistemos, apibūdinami jų naujausi pakeitimai, tikslai ir kiti svarbūs bruožai. Siekiant plačiau atskleisti indėlių draudimo sistemų įvairovę, trumpai apžvelgiamos svarbiausių pasaulio valstybių (JAV, Japonijos, Europos Sąjungos narių ir šalių kandidačių) indėlių draudimo sistemos. Be to, straipsnyje atlikta palyginamoji Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Estijos indėlių rinkų bei jų draudimo sistemų analizė. [Iš leidinio]Reikšminiai žodžiai: Indëliai; Indëlių draudimas; Deposits; Deposits insurance.

ENThe article presents an overview of the current state of, and the recent developments in, the deposit markets and actual deposit guarantee schemes in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. Deposits still remain the most popular form of financial assets in the Baltic States. In this paper, different features of deposit markets in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia since 1992-1994 are described, namely: amount of deposits, their growth rate, structure by depositor, currency and type of deposits. To look briefly at these markets, they are quite similar and rather underdeveloped yet, though Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia all the three have been enjoying rapid growth of deposits (15.7%, 31.8% and 14.2% y-o-y, respectively). Current accounts still dominate in Latvia and Estonia (71.9% and 62.3% of total deposits). Among these three countries, Latvia stands out for the largest number of banks and the most rapid growth of deposits. Moreover, Latvia’s banking sector is highly dependent on non-resident depositors: since 2000, more than half of deposits in Latvia have come from abroad, mainly CIS countries.The second part of this article deals with the main theoretical principles and actual practices of deposit insurance in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The paper also offers a brief overview of the deposit insurance mechanisms in other 25 foreign countries. All the three Baltic States introduced explicit deposit guarantee schemes: Lithuania in 1996, Latvia and Estonia in 1998. As these countries have been seeking the membership of the EU, they have recently adjusted their deposit insurance systems to comply with EU Directive 94/19/EEC on deposit guarantee schemes. Currently, depositor protection mechanisms in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia do comply with the requirements of the above regulation, except for the amount of limited coverage, which is in a period of transition (Lithuania and Latvia is to reach the required amount of EUR 20,000 by 2008 and Estonia by 2010). Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have funds assessment (not ex post) for covering deposits. As of June, 2003, the highest annual premium for commercial banks was in Lithuania (0.45% of insured deposits) and this country also has fixed the largest deposit coverage amount (EUR 13,033). As of the date mentioned, in Latvia, the annual premium was 0.05%, in Estonia – 0.0125% of deposits, and these countries cover deposits up to a limit of EUR 4,850 and EUR 2,560 respectively. Lithuania and Estonia also use coinsurance and all the three countries provide coverage per depositor (not per deposit). The author finds the Lithuanian deposit insurance system to be the most rigorous among the Baltic States and the Estonian deposit guarantee scheme the most liberal, i. e. least contradicting the principles of the conception of free market and providing the least possibility for the moral hazard risk. [From the publication]