Žmogaus teisių apsauga ir gynimas Lietuvos Respublikos Konstituciniame Teisme

• Leidėjo tinklalapis: knygos tekstas

LTŠi studija yra pirmasis mokslinis darbas, kuriame bandoma apibendrintai atskleisti Konstitucinio Teismo indėlį į žmogaus teisių apsaugos ir gynimo stiprinimą Lietuvoje per trisdešimt jo veiklos metų, išskiriant ir analizuojant visas šio teismo vykdomas žmogaus teisių apsaugos formas. Tyrimo objektas – Konstitucinio Teismo vaidmuo stiprinant žmogaus teisių apsaugą ir gynimą Lietuvoje. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti Konstitucinio Teismo indėlį stiprinant žmogaus teisių apsaugą ir gynimą Lietuvoje per trisdešimt šio teismo veiklos metų. Siekiant įgyvendinti išsikeltą tikslą darbe keliami ir sprendžiami šie uždaviniai: 1) atskleisti, kokiomis formomis Konstitucinis Teismas prisideda prie žmogaus teisių apsaugos stiprinimo; 2) išanalizuoti svarbiausias Konstitucinio Teismo išnagrinėtas konstitucinės justicijos bylas žmogaus teisių srityje ir svarbiausius oficialiosios konstitucinės žmogaus teisių doktrinos principus; 3) atskleisti, kaip Konstitucinis Teismas prisideda prie žmogaus teisių gynimo nagrinėdamas teismų bei fizinių ir juridinių asmenų prašymus ištirti teisės aktų atitiktį Konstitucijai. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo, visų pirma analizuoti norminiai šaltiniai: Konstitucija, ordinarinės teisės aktai ir šių teisės aktų pakeitimai. Itin svarbią vietą šiame tyrime užima jurisprudencinių šaltinių (Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimų, išvadų ir sprendimų, kuriuose spręsti įvairūs konstituciniai ginčai žmogaus teisių srityje, formuluota oficialioji žmogaus teisių konstitucinė doktrina) analizė, šioje studijoje taip pat analizuoti tyrimui aktualūs ordinarinių teismų sprendimai. Šiame darbe nagrinėta ir tyrimui aktuali specialioji literatūra, nagrinėjamų klausimų analizei pasirinktos tų užsienio ir Lietuvos konstitucinės teisės mokslo atstovų mintys, kurios leistų atskleisti kuo didesnę galimų požiūrių aptariama tema amplitudę. [Iš Įvado]

EN[...] The study aims to analyze the Constitutional Court's role in strengthening the protection and defence of human rights in Lithuania during the thirty years of Court‘s activity. In order to achieve this objective, the study sets out and addresses the following objectives: 1) to reveal the forms in which the Constitutional Court contributes to the strengthening of human rights protection; 2) to analyse the most important constitutional justice cases in the field of human rights and the most important principles of the official constitutional doctrine of human rights; 3) to reveal how the Constitutional Court contributes to the protection of human rights by examining the requests of courts and natural and legal persons to examine the conformity of legal acts with the Constitution. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: 1. The elements of the human rights protection system can be viewed from two perspectives: subjective and objective. Subjectively, the protection of human rights relates to the judicial or quasi-judicial process in a particular case, in other words, to the defence of human rights. Objectively, it also covers the further consequences of these procedures, which go beyond the case, as well as additional measures or activities aimed at protecting and promoting human rights, even in the absence of a specific violation of human rights, but rather with preventive objectives. In Lithuania, the Constitutional Court, by examining requests from the Seimas, a group of members of the Seimas, the President of the Republic, and the Government on the conformity of legal acts with the Constitution, removes legal acts that violate constitutional human rights from the legal system and formulates the official constitutional doctrine in the field of human rights, and in this way it contributes to the strengthening of the protection of human rights from the objective aspect.2. The Constitutional Court, while examining the requests of various entities, has adopted many final acts that have changed the lives of Lithuanian citizens, both by removing legal acts that violate constitutional human rights from the legal system and by formulating the official doctrine in the field of human rights. This Court interprets the human rights enshrined in the Constitution in light of international human rights instruments and the international community's understanding of human rights and their content, which is guided by democratic legal principles. As society changes, new issues arise which the Constitutional Court must respond to, and the constitutional justice cases brought before the Constitutional Court and the constitutional doctrine formulated in its acts reflect the challenges posed by the evolution of the State. The constitutional doctrine of human rights is therefore not static. It is constantly evolving with the state, responding to the challenges it faces, thus embodying the idea of a living constitution. 3. Until 2019, court applications to the Constitutional Court were the only form of individual access to constitutional justice (albeit indirect) in Lithuania, and therefore undoubtedly contributed to strengthening the protection of human rights in Lithuania, both in the subjective and the objective aspects. The importance of examining court applications in the context of strengthening the protection of human rights is also substantiated by the fact that before the establishment of the individual constitutional complaint mechanism in Lithuania, the courts initiated the majority of constitutional justice cases. Although, since the introduction of the individual constitutional complaint mechanism, the majority of applications to the Constitutional Court are submitted by natural and legal persons, the courts remain the main "employer" of the Constitutional Court when it comes to the examination of accepted applications.4. The powers granted to the Constitutional Court in 2019 to examine requests from natural and legal persons on the compliance of legal acts with the Constitution have not only a subjective but also an objective element of human rights protection. Like all novelties, the mechanism of individual constitutional complaint faces certain challenges (low admissibility rate of complaints, lack of exceptions to the rule of exhaustion of all legal remedies, problems in the implementation of the institute of reopening of the proceedings after the Constitutional Court has ruled in the case of an individual constitutional complaint that a legal act is unconstitutional, etc.). However, the rulings in cases initiated by constitutional complaints show that the constitutional rights of certain persons can be protected by this mechanism, while at the same time the provisions of legal acts which are contrary to the Constitution and which are of relevance to other persons are removed from the legal system, thus fulfilling the function of both protection and defence of human rights. Thus, the right of natural and legal persons to apply directly to the Constitutional Court has created the conditions for further strengthening the Constitutional Court's role in ensuring the Constitution's effectiveness and the protection of human rights under the Constitution. At the same time, the new instrument of constitutional complaints has become a key challenge for the future of the Constitutional Court. The introduction of this instrument not only means that the Constitutional Court has to cope with an increased workload, but also that it has to ensure that the expectations of the society and the legal community for an effective means of protection of constitutional human rights are fulfilled. [From the publication]