ENThe article presents an approach to analysing data, both from the burial and urban sites, which may help us learn more about the demographics and lifestyle of the past. The analysis compares leather shoes and other remains of footwear from the 14th-16th century found in the Vilnius Castle and the size of feet of people buried in the 13th–15th-century cemetery at 6 Bokšto Street in Vilnius, presenting estimations on the number of children and their role in Vilnius’ urban society at the time. Keywords: childhood history, demographics, social structure, medieval archaeology, osteology. [From the publication]