Įstatymų leidžiamoji valdžia Abiejų Tautų Respublikos 1791 m. gegužės 3 d. konstitucijoje: reformos kryptys ir ribų išgryninimas

Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Knygos dalis / Part of the book
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Įstatymų leidžiamoji valdžia Abiejų Tautų Respublikos 1791 m. gegužės 3 d. konstitucijoje: reformos kryptys ir ribų išgryninimas
Alternative Title:
Legislative power in the Constitution of 3 May 1791 of the Commonwealth of Both Nations: directions of the reform and elucidation of boundaries
Authors:
Jurgaitis, Robertas
In the Book:
Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė: parlamentarizmas, konstitucija, visuomenė / sudarytoja Ramunė Šmigelskytė-Stukienė. Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2023. P. 169-189. (XVIII amžiaus studijos ; 9)
Subject Category:
LT
1569-1795. Lietuva ATR laikotarpiu; Lietuva (Lithuania); Lenkija (Poland); Politinė istorija / Political history; Teisės istorija / History of law.
Summary / Abstract:

LTStraipsnyje Abiejų Tautų Respublikos XVIII a. antrosios pusės parlamentarizmo raidos kontekste apžvelgiama trinarėje valdžių padalijimo koncepcijoje vienos iš svarbiausių įstatymų leidžiamosios valdžios reformų kryptys ir pobūdis, fiksuojamas 1791 m. gegužės 3 d. konstitucijoje. Ketvertų metų seimo (1788-1792) reformos, įtvirtinusios reikšmingus pokyčius Abiejų Tautų Respublikos parlamentiniame gyvenime, Gegužės 3 d. konstitucijoje įgavo dar konceptualesnę išraišką, kuri leido paryškinti ir įstatymų leidžiamosios valdžios ribas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Abiejų Tautų Respublika, Atstovų rūmai, Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, įstatymų leidžiamoji valdžia, Seimas, Senatas, seimeliai, 1791 m. gegužės 3 d. konstitucija, XVIII amžius. [Iš leidinio]

ENRecently, in historiography, the Constitution of 3 May 1791 is increasingly viewed not only as the quintessence of the reforms carried out in the late eighteenth century in the Commonwealth of Both Nations but also as the embodiment of the most advanced state and society reformations by the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792.). In the context of the development of parliamentarism in the late-eighteenth-cen- tury Republic, the article reviews the directions and nature of one of the most important reforms of the legislative power in the tripartite separation of powers concept, which is fixed in the Constitution of 3 May 1791. Reforms by the Four- Year Sejm, which established significant changes in the parliamentary life of the Republic, acquired an even more conceptual expression in the Constitution of 3 May, which made it possible to highlight the boundaries of the legislative power. Historically, the emergence of the term ‘legislative authority’ is associated with the origins of the theory of separation of powers, and the term ‘legislative body’ that appeared in the middle of the seventeenth century became the equivalent of representative assemblies. The principle of separation of powers is most clearly conceptualized in the works of Charles Louis de Montesquieu (1689-1755), and Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), whereas in the political programs of the Commonwealth of Both Nations, it was clearly articulated for the first time only in the 1764 convocation of the Sejm in the environment of the Czartoryski political group. Anna Grzeskowiak-Krwawicz’s research revealed that for the doctrine of the separation of powers to spread in the late eighteenth century a favourable environment was formed by the concept of mixed government, which had become an extremely significant part of the political discourse of the Commonwealth of Both Nations.The reorganization of the legislative power provided for in the Governance Act adopted on 3 May 1791, discussed in Article VI Sejm, or legislative power, was summarized in seven main areas. The areas being reformed were not limited to important institutional changes (confederations were abolished, new types of the Sejm were created and the ‘complicated’ ones were written off, by the constitutional act of 24 March 1791 the regulation of dietines’ (sejmiki) activities was introduced), but procedural aspects of the parliamentary practice were also reviewed (the right of liberum veto was abolished, etc.), and the status of parliament members was amended. However, perhaps the biggest innovation was the introduction of a readily available or permanently functioning bicameral Sejm (detailed in the constitutional act of Sejms adopted on 13 May 1791). The possibility of parliamentary adjustment of the Governance Act was also foreseen (detailed by the act of Constitutional Extraordinary Sejm adopted on z8 May 1791), which, however, remained only a theoretical and practically unrealized projection. Article VII of the Government Act King, executive power more clearly defines the area of executive power and creates a new institution, the Guard of Laws, however, the possibility of legislation was eliminated from the competence of this institution. In the end, the Marshal of the Sejm was not made a member of the Guard of Laws and could take part in the meetings of this institution without the right to participate in decision-making processes.Thus in the changes recorded in the Constitution of 3 May 1791, we can see a clear aspiration to eliminate the existing problems of parliamentary life, to strengthen the existing or to create new and more effective mechanisms of legislative power to respond to the challenges of the era. In the Constitution of 3 May, the boundaries of the legislative and executive powers were maximally refined and highlighted - the King was ‘pushed’ towards the executive power of the laws and only retained a formal status in the Senate, while the position of the Marshal of the Sejm in the Guard of Laws was formalized. Keywords: Commonwealth of Both Nations, House of Representatives, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, legislature, Sejm, senate, parliament, Constitution of 3 May 1791, eighteenth century. [From the publication]

ISBN:
9786098314335
ISSN:
2351-6968
Subject:
Istorija / History
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Updated:
2024-09-20 23:54:04
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