Vilniaus sociotopografijos metmenys XIV-XVIII a.

• Klovas, Mindaugas
• Meilus, Elmantas
• Urmański, Antoni
• Valionienė, Oksana

LTRemiantis dabartiniais istoriniais tyrimais bei turima šaltinių baze, monografijoje analizuojama, kaip XIV-XVIII a. keitėsi vilniečių nekilnojamojo turto savininkai, pati miesto bendruomenė ir kaip šie procesai veikė miesto erdvinę bei socialinę raidą. Vilniaus miesto bendruomenės raidos metmenys XIV-XVIII a. apžvelgti pasitelkus kompleksinius XVII-XVIII a. šaltinius (įvairius Vilniaus mokestinius surašymus, magistrato archyvą, įvairių teismų ir Lietuvos Metrikos knygas bei kt.), skelbtas archeologinių radinių duomenų bazes bei negausią kartografiją, taip pat šiuolaikinius sociotopografinius tyrimus. Suvedus šaltinių duomenis į geografinę informacinę sistemą ir palyginus su kartografijos duomenimis, apžvelgta Vilniaus namų valdų bei gatvių raida. Tirti miesto visuomenės sluoksniai ir visuomeninės gamybinės grupės bei jų vieta miestiečių hierarchijoje ir miesto erdvėje. Aptartas miesto nekilnojamasis turtas bei jo savininkų kaita, gamybos vietos. [Anotacija knygoje]

ENThe sociotopography of the city of Vilnius in the late 14th- beginning of the 17th centuries is reconstructed using mostly various fragmented written sources. The period from 1387, when the city was granted the right of self-governance, to 1522 is represented very poorly in the meagre written sources, however, it was possible to determine that in the late 14th—first half of the 15th centuries, the Lower Castle was surrounded by domains of the nobility. Magnates and lower ranked nobles owned domains in this area. To the south, their domains bordered the Catholic and Orthodox suburbs inhabited by Vilnius' townspeople. It was found that the city expanded in almost all directions from the end of the 15th or the early 16th centuries. Censuses of the city's population were conducted from at least the 1560s, of which only a small part have survived. The list of poll-tax payers from houses in the western suburbs belonging to the jurisdiction of Vilnius shows that a majority of the townspeople in this suburb concentrated not far from the city wall, some lived on the banks of the Neris River where a jetty and merchants' warehouses had been established, and also in a wide, outlying location in the territory of today's Vingis Park, where there were at least two brickworks. At the time, the suburb of Lukiškės harboured mostly brick-firing, tanning and alcohol production enterprises. The census of the Vilnius Catherdral chapter's jurisdiction from 1602 shows locations where the craft trades were concentrated: within the boundaries of the city's defensive wall, there were mostly salt-extractors, clothing and footwear manufacturers, metalworkers and woodworkers, while townspeople engaged in leather or fur processing and bread-baking were mostly recorded as being in the suburb beyond the Gate of Mary Magdalene. The castellan's jurisdiction census of 1622 revealed that townspeople belonging to this jurisdiction were largely orientated towards.Inhabitants of the Užneris and Žvejai suburb produced building materials (brick-firing, wood processing), whereas subjects living in the Sereikiškės and Užupis suburbs ensured the operation of grain and gunpowder mills. The period of a lack of complexical historical sources ends more or less in 1636, with the revision of houses in Vilnius, which encompassed almost the whole city space lying within the defensive wall. It mentions 717 possessions; information about these possessions allowed us to determine the height and purpose of premises, to localise jurisdictions and learn about population distribution at the time. It was found that the nobility preferred the city's main Šv. Jono, Dominikonų, Trakų and Vokiečių streets, as well as the more outlying Bokšto and Šv. Kazimiero streets, with Karmelitų and Arklių streets being less popular. Most of the clergy concentrated in the northern part of the city near the Lower Castle, where possessions subject to the Vilnius Cathedral chapter's jurisdiction were located. Craftspeople lived and had plots of land in just about every street in the city, however they mostly preferred the northern parts of the city around Skapo and Šv. Marijos Magdalenos streets, the area around Šv. Išganytojo, Stiklių and Mėsinių streets, as well as the district between the city wall and Trakų, Vokiečių and Rūdninkų streets. In order to simplify the duty of accommodating guests for townspeople, a declaration was made in 1645 that the city within the wall boundary was being divided into three parts - kvatera (blocks, sections). In 1663 the city was further divided into six kvatera (l-IV within the city walls, V-VI in the suburbs).The list of Magdeburgian jurisdiction poll-tax payers of 1677 shows that the city within the defensive walls was constructed in brick (brick houses made up around 75 percent of the buildings), while the suburbs were constructed in wood (wooden and buildings of other materials here made up around 97 percent of all structures). In the city and its suburbs, a total of 778 residential buildings subject to the magistrate were recorded: 251 various brick houses and 527 various wooden and other buildings. Almost 5,000 inhabitants within the Magdeburgian jurisdiction paid 1.7 zloty each on average, but these taxes differed in each of the six so-called kvatera in this jurisdiction. In kvatera I-IV within the city walls, the tax was around 2.1 zloty per person. Inhabitants of kvatera I and II were the wealthiest. People living in the family homes of magistrate members made up 8.7 percent of those living in kvatera I-IV, paying as much as 26 percent of the total taxes paid in these sections. Townspeople ascribed to the suburban V and VI kvatera paid around 1.1 zloty per person, that is almost twice as little as inhabitants living within the city wall jurisdiction. The list of poll-tax payers of 1677 mentions 76 types of crafts and around 830 craftspeople (90 cobblers; 79 tailors; 61 butchers; 58 maltsters; 37 masons and 37 carpenters; 33 salt-extractors; 32 smiths; 29 hatters; 27 furriers, etc.). The list also makes mention of 12 types of merchant trades in Vilnius (involving 290 traders), 40 types of “services” and around 1,350 “service providers”, as well as 11 types of officials (with 61 people holding these posts). [...]. [From the publication]