Emmanuelis Levinas ir Chaimas Grade "žydų klausimu": poholokaustinės refleksijos
LTŠiame straipsnyje aptariamos dviejų iš Lietuvos kilusių žydų mąstytojų - Emmanuelio Levino ir Chaimo Grades - poholokaustinės refleksijos, atskleidžiančios dvi skirtingas musaro judėjimo Lietuvoje pradininko rabino Izraelio Salanterio sentencijos apie asmeninius ir artimo poreikius perspektyvas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Emmanuelis Levinas, Chaimas Grade, Holokaustas, žydų klausimas, judaizmas, musaras, musaro judėjimas, Izraelis Salanteris. [Iš leidinio]
ENThe "Jewish question", which was raised at the beginning of the Modern times, when European the process of transformation of economic and social systems of Europe (and not only) began, and emerging nation-states demanded the transformation of feudalist estate orders into so-called bourgeois ones, the question of the legal status of thoseseeking to integrate into these societies, that is, of Jews, raised a whole host of questions about the nature, meaning, and status of Judaism on the one hand, and the place of the Jews as individuals among the nations of the world, on the other. Hitler's measures to address this issue - the Holocaust - allowed a number of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectuals to raise the issue again with unprecedented depth and breadth. The article analyzes post-Holocaust reflections of two Jewish intellectuals, originated from Lithuania, philosopher Emmanuel Levin and Yiddish writer Chaim Grade. Emmanuel Levin in his essay, "Being Jew," - written in response to Sartre's "Reflections on the Jewish question," in which the latter reduces the Jewishness to the mere contingency, construct, image, created by others (antisemites), - develops his own vision concerning meaning of the Judaism in the world, based on such ontological dimensionsas Createdness and Electivity as perceived in the Jewish tradition through the image of God as Father and Creator, and those very dimensions are dimensions of the human being as such in the terms of the unparalleled uniqueness of the person as wanted (by the Creator), and elected.Meanwhile, Chaim Grade, in his short story "My Quarrel with Hersh Rasseyner", approaches the issue through a controversy with his ancient fellow student at the Novardok Yeshiva after they met in Paris after the WWII, which reveals two different tendencies of the reaction and answer to that Catastrophe in the modern Jewish world. The two ethical perspectives that emerged in the controversy reveal two different versions of Rabbi Israel Salanter's statement on the needs of the fellow human and personal spiritual needs, - one passed on by Emmanuel Levin ("the material need of my fellow human is my spiritual need"), and the other, found in the "Memorial Book of Telšiai" (Sefer Telz): "He used to say that human being has to take care of his spiritual needs, our material needs and the Fear of Heavens of his fellow human". The version of the "Sefer Telz" would be best embodied by Hersh Rasseyner's position, by his even more radical dissociation from the world, immersion in even more zealous self-improvement, and the condemnation of the secularism of other Jews, while Chaim's position, based on the selfless care of humanity and the believe in humanity because of those individual non-Jewish persons who saved Jews during the Holocaust, is closer to the version of Emmanuel Levinas. [From the publication]
