Associational culture and civil society in Lithuania under tsarist rule

ENThe purpose of this article is to review the most important features of the evolution of civil society and the culture of free associations during the period of Russian rule. Following the traditional division of that epoch into four phases - first, to the 1830 anti-Russian insurrection in Lithuania and Poland; second, the period from 1831 to 1863; third, the persecution of Lithuanian publications and culture, from 1864 to 1905; and fourth, the boom period of Lithuanian associational culture, from 1914 to 1915 - we will seek to throw light on the specific developmental path of society in a Russian-occupied land. [Extract, p. 604]