Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės knyga lenkų kalba XVI a. antroje pusėje

Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Straipsnis / Article
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės knyga lenkų kalba XVI a. antroje pusėje
Alternative Title:
Polish books in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the 16th century
Authors:
Petreikis, Tomas
In the Journal:
Subject Category:
LT
13 amžius - 1569. Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė. LDK; 1569-1795. Lietuva ATR laikotarpiu; Kultūros istorija / Cultural history; Knygos / Books; Leidyba / Publishing.
Summary / Abstract:

LTDaugiatautėje Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje (toliau - LDK, Lietuva) sugyvenę lietuviai, rusenai (rytų slavai), lenkai, žydai, karaimai, totoriai ir vokiečiai kūrė ir brandino savo raštijos tradicijas. Šalyje nuo XVI a. pradžios kuriantis spaustuvėms keitėsi rankraštinės ir spausdintinės knygos kultūros santykiai1. Raštinės nebegalėjo patenkinti išaugusių informacinių poreikių, vyko perėjimas nuo žodinės tradicijos prie rašytinės raiškos, keitėsi ir skaitymo praktikos daugiau dėmesio skiriant ne kolektyviniams, o asmeniniams poreikiams. Renesansas iškėlė asmens laisvę, Reformacija prabilo apie tikėjimo laisvę. Užsienio ir Lietuvos universitetai traukė jaunus protus ir patyrusius profesorius. Komunikuoti spausdintu žodžiu siekė daugelis konfesinių, tautinių ir intelektualinių grupių bei pavienių asmenų. Bibliografas ir kultūros istorikas Juozas Tumelis nurodė, kad LDK XVI a. aktyviausiai buvo spausdinami veikalai lotynų (210 leidinių), lenkų (194), rusenų ir bažnytine slavų (64), vokiečių (28) ir lietuvių (5) kalbomis. Po vieną knygą išleista estų, graikų, italų, latvių ir švedų kalbomis. Išėjo ir kelios daugiakalbės knygos, išspausdintos dviem ar trimis kalbomis. Nedideli tekstai (daugiausia proginiuose leidiniuose) buvo išspausdinti dar ir anglų, ispanų, prancūzų bei suomių kalbomis. Lietuvos visuomenė turėjo galimybę susipažinti su leidiniais ar atskirais tekstais 14 skirtingų kalbų. Nors J. Tumelio duomenys dar tikslintini, neabejotinai tuo metu LDK spaudoje vyravo tarptautinė lotynų ir lenkų kalba. Pastaroji Lenkijoje nuo XVI a. vidurio buvo tapusi valstybine kalba, o Lietuvoje tuo metu de facto funkcionavo kaip oficialioji kalba. Tiriant XVI a. Lietuvos spaudos istorijos procesus neįmanoma aplenkti raštijos lenkų kalba, kurios bibliografijos ir istoriografijos pradžia skaičiuojama nuo XIX a. pradžios. [Iš straipsnio, p. 18]

ENThe object of the study is book publishing in the Polish language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the 16th century. The investigation builds on 217 publishing instances recorded in the checklist. The history of publishing in the Polish language is evaluated from the point of view of book science by focusing on analysis of the organisation of publishing, its processes as well as its quantitative and qualitative changes. Also considered is the development of demands for publishing in the Polish language and its role in the contemporary society of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The emergence and development of book publishing in the Polish language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania coincided with the spreading of ideas of Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation as well as the increasing influence of the Polish language. The publishing as a mass communication means re-emerged in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1553 after the influential nobleman Mikalojus Radvila the Black decided to connect the faith of his family and the faith of noble families of his milieu with Reformation. For this purpose, the first Protestant printing house in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was established in Brasta. The absence of strict regulation of the performance of printing houses and consequently their fairly liberal operating conditions entailed advancement of wide-ranging social and religious thinking. The period up to the mid- 70ies of the 16th century saw monopolisation of the printing by Protestant Reformists of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: they established and maintained printing houses in Brasta, Nyasvizh, Losk and Zaslawye.With the increase of competition between social groups towards the end of the 16th century, commercial printing houses as well as those supported by Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches began to emerge. They were located in the capital city of Vilnius, which became the second publishing centre of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Krakow. In total, 159 publications in the Polish language appeared in Vilnius until 1600. Eight printing houses were involved: those belonging to Mikalojus Radvila the Orphan, Daniel Łęczycki, Jan Karcan, the Vilnius Jesuit Academy, Jonas Morkūnas, Merkelis Petkevičius, the Vilnius Holy Spirit Fraternity and the Mamonicz family. The second half of the 16th century marked the increasing penetration of the Polish language, which was gaining ground beside the Ruthenic and Latin, the languages having a long-standing tradition of use in public life. The noblemen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, who contributed a great deal to promoting the use of the Polish language, realised that activists of Protestant Reformation having arrived from the Polish Kingdom at their invitation would pursue pastoral activities in their native language. Polish and Latin were the languages that Jesuits, who had come from Poland and landed at the forefront of Counter-Reformation, predominantly used when communicating with their religious opponents and in their pastoral activities. Printers were also comers from Poland (mostly Krakow) possessing abilities to flexibly adapt to customers’ demands.As regards citizens of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, their contribution to book publishing mainly consisted of direct sponsorship of publications and authors as well as maintenance of printing houses. The contribution of comers from Poland and other regions is observed in authorship and translations - prominent is the imprint of Stanislaw Grodzicki, Marcin Smiglecki, Marcin Laszcz, Andrzej Chrz^stowski, Szymon Budny, Stanislaw Koszutski and others. The last decade of the 16th century saw emergence of authors who were citizens of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The contemporary political and confessional tension entailed additional stimuli for expanding publishing activities of various groups, more actively searching for financial and intellectual resources and establishing short-lived printing houses. For private printers, of relevance was the commercial incentive, but the general tendency was confession-related as the publishing was mainly perceived as a means to promote faith. In the second half of the 16th century, the book in the Polish language was changing both in its volume and appearance. Among 217 publications, there were 135 books, 61 pamphlets and 2 ephemera; the volume of the remaining 19 publications is unknown. The total known extent of the 195 publications is 45,000 pages (about 23,000 pages in the in folio format). The 16th century publications were often multifunctional, i.e. combining several publications of different genres in one volume. Confessional publications were the prevailing type (66 percent of the total output). They were mostly produced by Evangelical Reformists and Arians and, beginning with the late 90ies of the 16th century, also by Roman Catholics. The core of the publishing repertoire consisted of Bibles, Catechisms, prayers, rituals, hymnals and polemic literature. ...]. [From the publication]

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2024-08-14 23:38:35
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