Tautos siela Eduardo Volterio darbuose: akademiniai teoriniai saitai
LTStraipsnyje siekiama atskleisti, kokie akademiniai saitai slypi latvių etnografo Eduardo Volterio (1856-1941) Lietuvos etnografinių-statistinių studijų idėjoje. Dar XIX a. pabaigoje, dirbdamas Rusų imperatoriškoje geografų draugijoje, latvių lingvistas etnografas plėtojo etnografines-statistines studijas „gentinei" gyventojų sudėčiai nustatyti. Teorija savitai integravo „idėjų istorijos" konceptus ir „etnografinę statistiką". 1930 m. E. Volteris, dalyvaudamas Lietuvių mokslo draugijos veikloje, etnografinėse-statistinėse studijose iškėlė „tautos sielos" konceptus. Tikrinsime hipotezę, ar šios lietuvių „tautos sielos" koncepto idėjos ištakos siejasi su istorine antropologijos ir Europos etnologijos „romantinės tautos“ perspektyva, paremta Johanno Gottfriedo Herderio darbais. Teoriniu požiūriu analizuosime E. Volterio etnografinės statistikos idėjos retoriką šiais klausimais: Lietuvos etnografinių-statistinių studijos; romantinė tauta; mokslo ir švietimo idėja. Raktiniai žodžiai: Eduardas Volteris, Lietuvos etnografinės-statistinės studijos, Johann Gottfriedas Herderis, romantinė tauta, tautos siela. [Iš leidinio]
ENThe aim of the paper is to show academic links inherent in the idea of ethnographical-statistical studies of Lithuania conceived by the Latvian ethnographer Eduards Volters (1856-1941). As early as at the end of the nineteenth century, the Latvian linguist and ethnographer worked at the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and carried out ethnographic- statistical studies to determine the 'tribal’ composition of the population. The theory integrated, in an original way, the concepts of‘the history of ideas’ and 'ethnographical statistics’. In 1930, Volters was engaged in the activities of the Lithuanian Scientific Society and introduced the concepts of 'the soul of a nation’ in his ethnographic-statistical studies. We will test the hypothesis whether the beginnings of the idea of this concept of ‘the soul of a nation' of the Lithuanians is related to the historical perspective of anthropology and 'a romantic nation’ in European ethnology, based on the perspectives of Johann Gottfried Herder’s (1744-1803) philosophy. Theoretically, we analyse the rhetoric of Volters' idea of ethnographical statistics from the following points of view: (1) ethnographic-statistical studies of Lithuania, (2) a romantic nation, and (3) the idea of science and education. Volters’ concept of 'the soul of a nation’ is an original non-eurocentric interpretation of the anthropological hermeneutic understanding of a romantic nation. Ethnographical-statistical studies of Lithuania, which he proposed in 1930, are directed towards historical hermeneutical studies into 'the soul of a nation’ and 'national spirit’.Theoretical approaches, which are based on modern self-awareness through the understanding of the soul point to a historically known connection with Herder's concept of the people. Volters’ theoretical approaches correlate with evolutionist, diffusionist, realistic, and romantic theoretical perspectives that go back to Herder’s works. Volters did not research the concept of race. From his studies into nations in the Russian Empire, Volters turned to those of one's own in Lithuania, although he identified himself as a Latvian. He paid special attention to 'the national character of the Lithuanians’, ‘nation’, ‘the soul of a nation’, ‘national spirit’, and ‘education of the nation’. Volters proposed a non-mechanistic perception of history. He offered a new interpretation of theoretical approaches to ‘organic growth’ and wrote about the 'formation of a nation in the course of centuries' and 'the growth and development of culture'. He sought to understand the soul of the people by 'voices from below' and develop research. The programme of ethnographic-statistical studies was directed to local studies through the perception and language of individuals and their narratives about locations. It embraced the histories of the village and manors, assimilation and studies into border areas - the rise and decline of our 'national consciousness' as in nationalism studies. Interlaced with the romantic concepts of'the soul of a nation’ and rather than those of the soul of culture, ethnography-related realism clearly distinguishes Volters’ ideas of local studies from the theories of German and Austrian diffusionists such as Leo Frobenius.Similar to Franz Boas’s anthropology, the idea of ethnographic-statistical studies embraced archaeology and broader interdisciplinary studies. The concept of the romantic nation identifies the beginning of nationalist discourses in Lithuania as in Northern and Eastern Europe. The theory was in line with the aspiration of the Lithuanian Scientific Society to explore ‘the Lithuanian nation par excellence’. The programme reveals German, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Russian academic historical connections through terminology, perception of the history of humankind and anthropological hermeneutic theoretical approaches. Keywords: Eduardas Volteris, Lithuanian ethnographic-statistical studies, Johann Gottfried Herder, romantic nation, the soul of a nation. [From the publication]
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