Pagonybės gamtiškumo klausimas Viduramžių teologiniuose, kanonų teisės ir kituose poleminiuose raštuose

Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Straipsnis / Article
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Pagonybės gamtiškumo klausimas Viduramžių teologiniuose, kanonų teisės ir kituose poleminiuose raštuose
Alternative Title:
Question of the naturalistic paganism in the medieval theological, canon law and other polemical writings
In the Journal:
Keywords:
LT
Senieji tikėjimai / Old religion; Religija / Religion.
Summary / Abstract:

LTStraipsnyje keliamas klausimas kaip Viduramžių teologiniuose, kanonų teisės ir kituose poleminiuose raštuose buvo pristatomas pagonybės gamtiškumas, kokiame teologinių ir filosofinių diskusijų kontekste tai buvo daroma, bei kaip šios diskusijos atsispindi baltų pagonybės aprašymuose. Aiškėja, kad pagonybės gamtiškumo suvokimas Viduramžiuose nebuvo absoliučiai statiškas ir nekintantis, o šiai kaitai įtakos turėjo ne tik teologinio pobūdžio komentarai, filosofinės kryptys (neoplatonizmas bei neoaristotelizmas), nusakančios Dievo pažinimo kelius, tačiau ir gamtiškumo susiejimas su demonų įtaka pagoniams bei apskritai stabmeldystės nuodėme. Tam tikri pagonybės gamtiškumo traktuotės pokyčiai įžvelgtini ir XII-X1II a. kanonų teisės teoretikų darbuose, svarstančiuose apie pagonių teises ir šių teisių santykį su evangelinėmis teisėmis bei paties Dievo, kaip pasaulio Kūrėjo, teise. Visa tai leidžia geriau suvokti, kokiu tikslu Viduramžių autoriai vartojo pagonybės gamtiškumo vaizdinį ir kiek jis realiai siejosi su gamtos garbinimu. Už Viduramžiais svarstytos pagonių gamtiškumo problemos slypėjo patys pagrindiniai - Dievo teisingo pažinimo ir teisingo santykio su Dievu - klausimai. Raktiniai žodžiai: Dievas, pagonybės gamtiškumas, neoplatonizmas, neoaristotelizmas, stabmeldystė, baltų pagonybė, Viduramžių kanonų teisė. [Iš leidinio]

ENThe article analyses the way naturalistic paganism was presented in the Medieval theological, Canon Law and other polemical writings, the context of theological and philosophical discussions that was done in, and how these discussions are reflected in the descriptions of the paganism of the Balts. It becomes clear that the perception of naturalistic paganism in the Middle Ages was not absolutely static and unchanging. This change was influenced not only by theological comments, philosophical trends (Neoplatonism and Neo- Aristotelianism) that define the ways of knowing God, but also by connecting naturalness with the influence of demons on pagans and the sin of idolatry in general. The issue of naturalistic paganism was not treated equally and was directly associated only with the worship of idols. However, in the works of the Medieval theologians, starting with Tertullian (between the 2th and 3th centuries) and ending in the 13th-14th centuries, the idea that idolatry is the worship of God’s creations in general, and therefore of nature, is the greatest sin, and the making of idols is the worst (and at the same time the highest) level of all such worship, cf. Isaiah 66: 3. St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo, in his work ‘On the State of God against Pagans’ (De civitate Dei contra paganus) wrote that it is by a perichoresis relationship with God through His creation (and thus nature) rather than by worshiping nature and idols identified with demons, that proper honouring of GodCreator is possible, thus maintaining order in the world, the true meaning of sacrifice to God, and the relationship with God's creation. According to Augustin, the pagans, calling upon their gods through nature objects or idols of their own making, and thinking that in this way they ensured order in the world and protection for themselves, really collaborated with impure spirits who usurped God’s divinity, eternity, omnipotence and actions through all created things.A certain change in the understanding of naturalistic paganism is visible only from the 12th to the 13th centuries, when an attempt was made to "classify” paganism itself. Although the English Franciscan Roger Bacon and Alexander of Halle in the 13th century tried to present naturalistic paganism as the lowest and most naive level of religionseparate from idolatry (and, therefore, also the worship of demons), in the sources describing white paganism, the worship of nature is still perceived as a consequence of the activity of impure spirits (devils). St. Thomas Aquinas generally rejected the concept of God as a material-nature object to be worshipped. Pagans, seeing the objects and phenomena of animate and inanimate, visible and invisible nature, mistakenly believed that a transcendent deity or some other gods or their powers could descend into these objects or phenomena. Indeed, the true God is beyond all objects and their essences: God, being the prima causa, rises above all visible and invisible objects. According to Thomas Aquinas, paganism was just an era experienced by humanity, the period before the coming of Christ, with the errors of thinking about God characteristic of that period. Therefore, in the sources describing naturalism of Lithuanian, Prussian and other paganism (cf. Chronicler Peter of Dusburg’s attitude towards naturalism of Prussian paganism), it is not a positivist natural understanding of paganism that is visible, but a much deeper layer of paganism’s uncertainty and paganism's direct relationship with evil spirits. Keywords: God, Paganism, Naturality, Neoplatonism, Neo-Aristotelianism, Idolatry, Paganism of the Balts, Medieval Canon Law. [From the publication]

Related Publications:
Permalink:
https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/109681
Updated:
2024-08-13 18:09:26
Metrics:
Views: 4
Export: