Valdžia, luomas, individas Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje: XIII-XVIII a. istorijos slinktys

• Baronas, Darius
• Šmigelskytė-Stukienė, Ramunė
• Zujienė, Gitana
• Stankevič, Adam
• Kiaupienė, Jūratė
• Sliesoriūnas, Gintautas

LTMonografijoje atskleidžiami valdovo ir valstybės, valstybės ir valdžios, valdžios ir bajorų luomo, valdžios ir individo ryšiai bei santykiai XIII–XVIII a. Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje, išryškinantys iki šiol istoriografijoje mažiau pažintus problemos aspektus. Pirmojoje knygos dalyje „Valdžia ir valstybė" teminiu ir chronologiniu aspektais aptariama valdžios ir valstybės institutų raida nuo XIII a. iki XVIII a. pabaigos. Antrojoje dalyje „Bajorų luomo slinktys" susitelkiama į bajorų luomą, siekiant apčiuopti šios, Viduramžiais susiformavusios privilegijuotos riterių-karių bendrijos santykį su teise ir teisine valdžia bei atskleisti besikeičiančius jos narių socialinius vaidmenis Ankstyvųjų naujųjų laikų visuomenėje. Bajorų luomo ir jo atstovų vietai ir vaidmeniui visuomenėje atskleisti pasitelktos dvi skirtingos, tačiau viena kitą papildančios prieigos: per luomo ir individo prizmę žvelgiama į Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajorų santykį su teise ir teismine valdžia bei pasiremiant škotų kilmės Lietuvos bajoro Augustino Midletono karjeros Abiejų Tautų Respublikos valstybės institucijose atveju analizuojamos bajorų luomo viduje vykusios slinktys. Trečiojoje knygos dalyje „Valdžia ir individas", aptariant teisinės atsakomybės sampratas, parodoma, kaip Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje reiškėsi valdžios ir individo santykiai individui padarius nusikaltimą. [Anotacija knygoje]

ENThe concepts of "power / authority, government / governance" and their derivatives encountered in theoretical discourses on the relationship between power, authority and governmental structures, state political forces and public social order, and the individual and the state, can be directly traced to the paradigmatic works of political science theoreticians such as Max Weber, Norbert Elias, Michael Mann and other researchers. They provide theoretical instruments to systematically examine mutual bonds between individuals, long-term and often repetitive macrostructures and processes that are indicated by concepts such as “the state”, “estates”, “feudal”, the “court” and “industrial society”, while also prompting us to look at "power / authority" as a multifaceted subject, which affects, influences and forms the microstructure - the individual. The selection of new methodological approaches revealing power-estates individual relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania makes it possible not only to discuss the concepts of the state and authority, as historical categories, on the theoretical level and reflect on their usage in international historiographical discourse, but also to learn about the Lithuanian state and its governance in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. The concept of legitimate power allows researchers to highlight the qualitative difference between the grand ducal authority in the times of pagan and Christian Lithuania (at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries), and to reveal the similarities and differences in the Gediminid dynasty’s governance in the contexts of the traditions of the Kingdom of Poland and Kievan Rus’. The public servants (state officials) phenomenon developed in sociologists’ works paves the way for organisation theory-based research of state governance processes, which reveal changes to the social structure in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th-18th centuries.Meanwhile, sociology of law methodological approaches set the preconditions for an examination of the noble’s relationship with the law and court authorities through the prism of the estate and the individual, using material from the courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, while the juridical and disciplinary types of power discerned by Michel Foucault allow us to analyse how the government related to the individual - as a criminal offender, and the individual - as a victim. Research of the individual-family-estate trichotomy, based on biographical and geographical approaches, as well as an analysis of egodocumentary sources, creates the conditions for exposing worthwhile intersecting points of the individual’s world view, family interests and estate requirements, in which the themes of private life and personal career, family interests and extended family internal conflicts, and the value-based provisions of state institutions and individuals all intertwine, revealing broader sociocultural representations of the individual and the estate. Using the latest theoretical and methodological research approaches, participants of the research programme “The Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Power, Estates, the Individual (14th-18th-Century Historical Shifts)” conducted by the Lithuanian Institute of History in 2017-2021 proposed as their objective to examine relations between the ruler, estates and the individual in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, revealing shifts in the state’s political power and the social power ofsocial groups, and in relations between the individual and the government in Lithuania in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period.The objective of this programme was determined by the historiographical situation in scholarship on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: while there is already a significant body of work in the study and interpretation of the formation of the early Lithuanian state and its functioning, we still have only limited knowledge of relations between Lithuania’s rulers and their subjects in the Middle Ages, yet it is these relations that functioned as the most important principle in the creation of a state-organised society throughout the whole medieval epoch in Europe. In addition, reflection on the imperial Grand Duchy of Lithuania construct, emerging from Zenonas Norkus’ comparative historical sociology approach, has thus far been insufficient. New questions also arise in our knowledge ofthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a state in the Early Modern Period. Even though theoretical concepts of the state from this period, or its relations with the Kingdom of Poland as a state, have not been discussed more extensively in Lithuanian historiography up until now, the results of empirical research about the governance ofthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569 suggest a partial preservation of Lithuania’s statehood in the years 1569-1795. However, comparative research of this period usually still presents Lithuania as a mere component of the Polish state. [...]. [From the publication]

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