Klaipėdos dvarai

LTŠioje knygoje sudėta visa iki šiol žinoma medžiaga apie Klaipėdos dvarus - istorinė, kartografinė, ikonografinė. Autoriai - žinomi Klaipėdos istorikai, parašę ne vieną darbą apie Klaipėdos miesto ir apylinkių praeitį, architektūros raidą, uosto vystymąsi. Knygoje pateikta medžiaga apie dvarus, esančius šiandieninėse Klaipėdos miesto administracinėse ribose. Tai per 30 miesto apylinkėse buvusių dvarų, kurie laikui bėgant įsitraukė į miesto teritoriją. Autoriai neturėjo tikslo atlikti išsamius istorinius, ekonominius ar kitus tyrimus. Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas — surinkti istorinę medžiagą apie konkretų dvarą bei sudaryti Klaipėdos dvarų sąvadą. Klaipėdos miestą praeityje supo labai daug dvarų. Žinoma, tai kiekvieno stambesnio miesto natūrali aplinka, kuri suponuojajį supančių žemės ūkio produktus gaminančių ūkių trauką, vien dėl tos priežasties, kad čia lengviausia realizuoti pagamintą produkciją. Tačiau Klaipėdos atvejis išimtinis tuo, kad daugiau neipenkis šimtmečius čia gyvuoja uostas, per kurį produkcija išgabenama ne tik į Europą, bet ir visą pasaulį. Todėl daugelio Klaipėdos dvarų kūrimasis bei vystymasis priklausė nuo uosto - jie atsirado uosto dėka, jų klestėjimas buvo paskatintas jūrų prekybos augimo, kad patenkintų prekių paklausą. Daugelis dvarininkų buvo jūros pirkliai, Klaipėdos pirklių gildijos nariai, turėję savo sandėlius uoste ir net savo laivus. Jūrų prekyba visuomet atneša didžiausius pelnus, tai jos esminis, pamatinis dalykas. Todėl suprantama, kad tokiuose dvaruose kaupėsi didžiausios lėšos, jie buvo turtingiausi, čia buvo sukauptos didžiausios meno ir istorinės vertybės.Laiko tėkmė nunešė į praeitį daugiau nei pusę amžiaus dvarų niokojimo periodą. Karas ir į pokario dykras atkeliavę nauji gyventojai neturėjo tikslo išsaugoti šį kultūros paveldą. Mūsų atmintyje telpa tas nedidelis suvokimo, fiksavimo ir restauracijos laikotarpis, kuris ypač aktualus šiandien. XXI amžiaus pradžia Klaipėdos dvarams, jų išlikimui šiuolaikinės ekonomikos sąlygomis, yra ypač aktuali. Nepamatuotos kapitalo invazijos fone gali būti nušluoti paskutiniai Klaipėdos dvarų likučiai, pažangaus ūkininkavimo, verslo ir jūrų prekybos liudininkai. [Iš teksto, p. 4]

ENThe present book comprises all yet known historical, cartographical, iconographical material about estates located within the present administrative boundaries of Klaipėda city. That is more than 30 former estates in the environs of the city which in the course of time were included into the city territory. The authors of the book are well-known historians of Klaipėda, who have written a number of works on the history of Klaipėda city and its environs, the development of architecture and the growth of port. The authors did not intend to make detailed historical, economical or other generalizations. The major aim of this book is to gather all historical material and provide its bibliography. In the past there were many estates around Klaipėda. Of course, it is natural environment of every larger city, as a city is the place where any manufactured production can be sold in the easiest way. One of the first estates of Klaipėda originated from the Viehhof (Althof) mentioned in 1376 (today - Sendvaris estate). Its aim was to supply products to the castle. Much later, in the 16th century, the Tauralaukis (Tauerlauken) estate and the Žardė (Szarde) estate were built. In the beginning of the 17th century some estates - the Bachmann estate and the Gedminai (Gotzhofen) estate - were rented for the servants and soldiers of the Klaipėda Castle. A lot of estates were built after the Swedish invasion in the middle of the 17th century when free lands appeared, new needs were developing and new markets were emerging. The case of Klaipėda is exceptional because of the port established there more than five centuries ago; the port served as a focal point for export of production not only to Europe but worldwide as well.Thus, the activities of many Klaipėda estates depended on the port - they appeared thanks to the port and their development was stimulated by the growth of sea trade. In the 16th-17th c. the major part of goods exported via Klaipėda was grain, flax-seed, flax and hemp - some part of them was grown in Klaipėda estates. The Joniškė estate owner built the first leather factory in Klaipėda. In the middle of the 18th c. a new product - timber supplemented the range of exported products. The Beerbohms established the first wind-sawmill with a port and open timber storages in the Gintaro pelkės (Bernstainbruch) estate. Most of the landlords were sea merchants, the members of Klaipėda merchant guild, who had their own warehouses in the port and even their own ships. A wind-driven oil squeezing factory built by Wachsen in the Luise estate had its own wharf and sailing-ships. The seaborne trade by its nature and means always brings the highest profits. Naturally, the largest funds were consolidated in such estates, the estates were the richest, and collected the priceless art and historical treasures. There was a beautiful garden with the sculptures by Rauch in the Bernsteinbruch estate. In the 20th c. the estates of the city acquired totally new purpose. Some of them (as Naujadvaris (Neuhof) owned by V. Zubovas) supplied the city people with fresh milk of good quality; others (as Rumpiškė, Rumpischken) were converted for the needs of the city (an aerodrome was established there). The time irrevocably put to the past more than a half century of the Soviet period - the period of devastation of estates, which had to survive the war, the post-war ruins; moreover, the arrived new-comers didn’t have any aims to preserve this cultural heritage. 13 former estates of Klaipėda remained to the present day. Art schools were established in some of these estates, others were converted to dwelling-houses, some - became the private property.It is a pleasure to see the restored and well-maintained buildings of the former estates. However, the beginning of the 21st c. is the time of new challenges for the estates of Klaipėda and for their survival. Today, in the background of sometimes unreasonable capital invasion, the estates may be wiped off the face of earth as the price of city land grows sky-high. Therefore, attention should be paid not only to their historical and architectural value, but also to their contribution to the city development at the same time not forgetting the fact that the estates are the last witnesses of advanced farming, business and seaborne trade. [From the publication]