Comparison of historical development pathways of initial vocational education and training in Lithuania and Germany: how does history matter for policy learning?

ENThis paper reveals the importance of considering differences in the historical development of pathways to initial [vocational education and training] VET for policy learning. It refers to the actual application of the experience of dual apprenticeship from Germany in the implementation of apprenticeship in the school-based initial VET system in Lithuania. Pathways of the historical development of initial VET in Germany and Lithuania are compared in the period from the second half of the 19th century to date, considering: relationships between 'macro-context' factors and conditions (social, economic, cultural), the development of institutional VET frameworks, social dialogue and cooperation between stakeholders, VET policies, and the impact of crucial institutional, political and social changes and transitions. Keywords: history, dual system, training policy, education and training reform, education and training system, social aspects. [Publisher annotation]