1557 m. Pasvalio sutartis

Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Knygos dalis / Part of the book
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
1557 m. Pasvalio sutartis
Alternative Title:
Treaty of Pasvalys of 1557
In the Book:
Summary / Abstract:

LTXVI a. visos Europos valstybės ėmė vis aiškiau įsisąmoninti, kaip svarbu turėti laisvą priėjimą prie jūros ir per jį atsiveriančias plačias prekybinės ir karinės ekspansijos galimybes. LDK valdė tik siaurutį pakrantės ruožą tarp Klaipėdos ir Palangos, kuris ekonomikos ir laivybos atžvilgiu buvo bevertis, todėl ginčijosi su Prūsija dėl Nemuno žemupio ir galvojo apie savo galimybes Livonijoje. Tuo tarpu Livonija, valdydama didelį ir patogų pakrantės ruožą, nepajėgė plėstis ar įsitvirtinti užimamose pozicijose, į kurias kaip tik veržėsi gretimos valstybės. Smulkių teokratinių valstybėlių konfederacija,supama galingų ir centralizuotų valstybių, gyveno paskutines dienas. Tiek krašte dominavusio Teutonų ordino, tiek arkivyskupo bei vyskupų, iš esmės irgi pasaulietinių kunigaikščių, valdymas buvo paremtas bažnytinės hierarchijos principu ir katalikybės autoritetu. Jų žlugimas darėsi neišvengiamas išsiplėtus reformacijos judėjimui. Dviejų svarbiausių Livonijos politinių jėgų - Ordino ir Rygos arkivyskupo konfrontacija siekiant įsiviešpatauti nebuvo sėkminga nė vienai iš jų, nes abi neturėjo pakankamos bajorijos ir miestų paramos, o tik suteikė progas kitoms valstybėms kištis į Livonijos vidaus reikalus. [Iš straipsnio, p. 64 ]

ENIn the 16th century the European countries began to see more clearly the importance ofhaving access to the sea and because of that-great trade and military expansion possibilities. The Great Duchy of Lithuania ruled over a narrow stretch of coast between Klaipėda and Palanga. In economical and navigable respect it was of no value so the Great Duchy of Lithuania argued with Prussia about the lower Nemunas and thought of its possibilities in Livonia. At that time Livonia, ruling a big and convienient coastal stretch, was not able to spread further or become stronger in its grounds which the neighbouring countries tried to break into. The Great Duchy of Lithuania’s striving to establish itself in Livonia was caused by two reasons: the desire to take hold of that land economically, politically and strategically and not to allow to do this to Russia. Having failed in peaceful negotiations the Great Duchy of Lithuania decided to take hold of Livonia in a more dangerous and difficult way-by military force.In 1557, the Great Duchy of Lithuania was ready to start a war. It was declared officially on August 18. The plans of military operations were simple: to attack the Bauskė castle situated at seven miles distance and taking advantage of great preponderance to rout the army of the Master. Seeing Livonia in trouble the Emperor of Rome sent his messengers to negotiate. All august they went dilligently to and fro from Bauskė to Pasvalys, putting pressure upon the Master to negotiate and trying to persuade the commanders of the Lithuanian army to start attacking by no means. Lithuanian negotiators most likely were led by Mikalojus Radvila the Black. At the end of the month they agreed about all most important questions. On august 24 the king’s armed forces stopped near Pasvalys. The delegation of Livonian Order came on september 13. The agreements were signed on September 14. The three agreements signed in september of 1557 between Žygimantas Augustas (Sigismund August), the King of Poland and Great Duke of Lithuania, and Vilhelm Fursterberg, the Master of the Livonian Order, are called by the historians the Treaty of Pasvalys. The first two - ofrestitution and peace and satisfaction-were concluded on september 5, and the third-of union against the Duke of Moscow-was concluded on september 14. They were ratified by the Master and Livonia’s messengers on the same day. The copies of all these agreements are kept in the 525th book of Register of Lithuania. [From the publication]

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2024-11-30 16:31:38
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