Dzūkijos

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Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Straipsnis / Article
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
Dzūkijos / Dainavos ir Suvalkijos / Sūduvos skyrimas ir siejimas kaip etnoregioninės klasifikacijos problema: sampratų ir įvaizdžių prieštaros bei raida
Alternative Title:
Distinction and connections between Dzūkija/ Dainava and Suvalkija/Sūduva as a problem of ethno-regional classification: contradictions and evolution of concepts and images
Authors:
Tumėnas, Vytautas
In the Journal:
Lituanistica. 2023, Nr. 4, p. 347-382
Subject Category:
LT
Regionai ir regioninė politika / Regions and regional policy; Kalbos kultūra / Language culture; Etninės grupės / Ethnic groups; Etnografija / Ethnography.
Summary / Abstract:

LTStraipsnyje gvildenama Lietuvos etnografinių regionų sampratos prieštarų ir kaitos bei viešojo diskurso svarbos šiame vyksme problema. Nagrinėjamos dzūkų ir suvalkiečių bei jų gyvenamų žemių – Dzūkijos / Dainavos ir Suvalkijos / Sūduvos folklorinių vardų ir istorinių pavadinimų bei jų geografinės erdvės sampratų sampynos, tapatumai, sąsajos ir skirtybės etnografinio regionavimo ir etnoregioninės etninės kultūros reiškinių klasifikacijos raidoje. Lietuvių etnografinių grupių – dzūkų ir suvalkiečių įvardijimų ir jų gyvenamų žemių samprata per pastaruosius šimtmečius smarkiai kito. Todėl, siekiant atskleisti Suvalkijos ir Dzūkijos bei jų etnonimų sampratos ir klasifikacijos dilemas ir kontroversijas ankstyvoje raidoje, aktualu, pasitelkus ne tik etnologijos, bet ir istorijos, bibliografijos, kartografijos, geografijos duomenis, išsamiau ir įdėmiau išsiaiškinti šių etnonimų ir žemėvardžių bei jų sampratų kilmės pirmines ištakas; pavadinimų įvairovę ir painiavą; tiriamų etninių grupių ir jų žemių apibrėžimų ir koncepcijų raidos bei įsitvirtinimo moksle ir visuomenėje ypatybes bei ryšį su dabartine samprata. Raktažodžiai: dzūkai, suvalkiečiai, Dzūkija, Dainava, Suvalkija, Sūduva, etnografinis regionavimas. [Iš leidinio]

ENThe article deals with the problem of controversies and changes of concepts of the ethnographic regions of Lithuania and the importance of public discourse in this process. The author discusses the intertwining of the concepts, identities, connections, and differences of the historical and folkloric names of the lands inhabited by dzūkai and suvalkiečiai – Dzūkija/Dainava and Suvalkija/Sūduva (English: Sudovia), respectively – and their geographical space in the ethnographic regionalisation and ethno-regional classification. The concept of the Lithuanian ethnographic groups of dzūkai and suvalkiečiai and the lands they inhabit has been changing significantly over the last centuries. Therefore, in order to reveal the dilemmas and controversies of the concept and classification of Suvalkija and Dzūkija and their ethnonyms in the early development, not only ethnological but also historical, bibliographic, cartographic, and geographical data are relevant for a more thorough and careful clarification of the primary sources of the origin of these ethnonyms and toponyms and their concepts, the diversity and confusion of names, and the evolution and consolidation of the definitions and concepts of the sub-ethnic groups and their lands under study in research and society and their relation to the current perception. The current names and concept of the ethnographic regions of Lithuania were formed only in the last two centuries. Sub-ethnic regionalisation is closer to the early tradition of the division of Lithuania into sub-ethnically named tribal lands. The development of the concept of the ethnographic regions of Suvalkija and Dzūkija shows that their evolution was partly based on the tradition of state administrative division but mostly determined by the interaction of folklore traditions, journalistic and literary creativity, and scholarly thought.The conception of the geographical space of Lithuanian and ethnographic regionalisation associated with the naming of local ethnographic groups that determine the cultural uniqueness of Lithuania was especially promoted by journalism, while the scholars in folk art, folklore, architecture, and customs started to classify the marking of the territories of ethnographic groups related to their names as a systemic whole. The analysis of the iconography of old maps shows that their depiction as a wooded and sparsely populated area of the Trans-Nemunas region corresponds to the conclusions of historians about the gradual settlement and colonisation of this region and the importance of forestry industry after the Peace of Melno (1422). The concept of Suvalkija as a synonym of Užnemunė (the Trans-Nemunas region) and historical Sūduva (Sudovia) has been changing. At present, the territorial scope of Suvalkija is not identical to either the former Sūduva or Užnemunė as it is now related only to the northern part of Užnemunė, where Suvalkija, the land of suvalkiečiai, is defined. From the mid-nineteenth century, dzūkai were localised precisely in southern Užnemunė. They were first mentioned in 1856. Initially, Suvalkija was called the land of suvalkiečiai (who subdivide into kapsai and zanavykai) and dzūkai of Užnemunė. It is not clear enough when the dzūkai stopped being called suvalkiečiai (e.g., Rev. Jonas Žilinskas defined kapsai and zanavykai as suvalkiečiai nedzūkai, i.e., suvalkiečiai who are not dzūkai). On the other hand, the simultaneous distinction between dzūkai, kapsai, and zanavykai and the greater kinship of the dialects between the latter two than with dzūkai suggests that the inhabitants of the northern Užnemunė were more often called suvalkiečiai.As a scientific term based on original folk names, the subdialect of dzūkai (as a subdialect of the Aukštaitish dialect) was described by the linguists Antanas Baranauskas (1875) and Antanas Salys (1933). The area inhabited by dzūkai in the eastern part of Lithuania was similarly mentioned by Jonas Basanavičius (1928) and Antanas Smetona (1914, 1930). Later, the narrower original land of dzūkai of Užnemunė, associated with the subdialect and cultural area of dzūkai, was named Dzūkija and expanded considerably to the east. At the same time, Suvalkija came to be identified with the area of suvalkiečiai (kapsai and zanavykai). Considering the complex historical and geographical circumstances of the development of the concept of these regions, along with the placenames of Užnemunė and Suvalkija, the names of Sūduvos Suvalkija (Sudovian Suvalkija), Sūduvos Dzūkija (Sudovian Dzūkija), or Užnemunės Dzūkija (Trans-Nemunas Dzūkija) could also be used for referring to the Trans-Nemunas region, for the sake of accuracy. Meanwhile, it is becoming clear that the name of historical Dainava, which was made famous by the country’s prominent writers, is by no means the only possible allusion to the names of historical lands that existed in the region of Dzūkija: for example, the names of jotvingiai (Yotvingians) and Jotva have become very popular in recent decades. Admittedly, the names of Dainava inhabited by the dzūkai and Sūduva inhabited by the suvalkiečiai, which are spreading in society, are more symbolic both in terms of geographical and historical terminology; they are very inaccurate in terms of historical geography and ethnically, and are therefore insufficiently correct. [...] Keywords: dzūkai, suvalkiečiai, Dzūkija, Dainava, Suvalkija, Sūduva, ethnographic regionalisation. [From the publication]

DOI:
10.6001/lituanistica.2023.69.4.5
ISSN:
0235-716X; 2424-4716
Subject:
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Permalink:
https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/106188
Updated:
2024-02-22 20:42:53
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