Ideologinės ir partinės polemikos socialiniais klausimais atspindžiai lietuviškoje Oberosto spaudoje 1917-1918 metais

LTStraipsnyje nagrinėjama vadinamojo ,,socialinio klausimo“, arba ,,socialinės problemos“, suvokimas ir atspindėjimas Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metų lietuviškoje periodinėje Oberosto spaudoje. Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metai yra tarsi natūrali jungtis tarp dviejų skirtingų laikotarpių, kai prieškariu lietuviškame kontekste iš esmės vyko vien visuomeninis diskursas socialiniais klausimais, o baigiantis karui jau imta kurti Lietuvos valstybės socialinės apsaugos politikos pradmenis. Nepaisant to, karo laikotarpis, o ypač vokiečių okupacijos periodas, Lietuvoje vis dar menkai tyrinėtas socialinės problematikos atžvilgiu. Tad svarbu išsiaiškinti, kaip vokiečių okupacijoje likusių lietuvių aplinkoje reflektuotos socialinės problemos, kokios buvo prieškariu vykusio socialinio diskurso tolesnės tendencijos. Manytume, kad šio diskurso esmė bei bruožai geriausiai atsiskleidžia ne per paprastą tam tikrų nuostatų, postulatų ištransliavimą, o per polemiką ideologiniu bei partiniu pagrindu, todėl į „socialinio klausimo“ suvokimą nutarėme pažvelgti būtent per tokią prizmę. Raktažodžiai: socialinis klausimas, polemika, Pirmasis pasaulinis karas, kaizerinė okupacija, lietuviška periodika. [Iš leidinio]

ENIn the second half of the nineteenth century, a production structure based on a new form of property and a new form of labour – capital and wage labour, respectively – were evolving in the economies of Western European countries. Societies began to exhibit divisions and oppositions based on this conflict between labour and capital. Pope Leo XIII referred to this conflict, which had become particularly acute in Western countries, as ‘social question’. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the discussion of this issue became topical in Lithuania as well and was active primarily in Catholic circles. Although the period of the German occupation in Lithuania during World War I became a crucial starting point on the path to the social security policy of an independent state, it has been very poorly researched in this regard until now. It is therefore important to clarify how social problems were reflected in the environment of Lithuanians under the German occupation and what the tendencies of the pre-war social discourse were under the new circumstances. The essence and features of such discourse are most promisingly revealed not through the simple broadcast of certain attitudes and postulates by specific social groups, which, incidentally, was a common practice, but through polemic on an ideological, party basis. Therefore, in this study, we attempt to look at the perception of the ‘social question’ through this particular prism. In the autumn of 1917, as the political process leading to greater independence for Lithuania was developing, the Germans allowed the establishment not only of Lietuvos aidas [Echo of Lithuania], the official organ of the Lithuanian Council, but also of two other Lithuanian periodicals, organised on the party principle and representing the two largest Lithuanian political-ideological currents: the Social Democrats and the Christian Democrats.From then on, it becomes possible to talk about the columns, themes, their differences and tendencies of the Lithuanian periodical Oberost press, including the sphere of social issues. It is important to note that both Christian and social democrats viewed ideological and party polemic, which were essentially a continuation of the pre-war polemic, as a natural and self-evident phenomenon with a positive foundation. However, a systematic constructive polemic between these different forces did not develop, and the reason for this should be sought in different strategic visions of the future: while the Christian movement desired only to improve and reform the existing social order, the leftists sought to fundamentally transform it into a socialist one, in other words, to change the rules of the game as such. This also applied to the discussion of social issues, but it was only in the discussion of the socially relevant issue of land reform that manifestations of a constructive dialogue could be observed. As the socialists sought to expand their support base among Lithuanian peasants, they seemed to listen to their wishes and created an impression of flexibility. In early October 1918, as Germany approached the brink of military defeat and began to liberalise its policies, changes also swept through Oberost. One of them was the complete abolition of press censorship on 15 October. From then on, party polemic in the Lithuanian press became significantly sharper and more straightforward, but did not gain constructiveness. It was more like a political struggle taken to rhetorical extremes, with disinformation and demagoguery. The Darbo balsas [The Voice of Labour], the mouthpiece of the left wing, poured criticism on the right-dominated Lithuanian State Council, which was still freeing itself from the grip of the occupation administration and trying to become an actual governing institution.In this situation, the nationalist-dominated Lietuvos aidas, the official organ of the Council, which until then was trying to maintain the role of a unifier or a mediator of political forces, also engaged in the polemic. From now on, the nationalist current, united with the Christian Democrats, stood against the socialists on the ideological front. Yet again, we find only meagre manifestations of social content in that sharp polemic. Individual publications of social content would occasionally appear in the right-wing press, and a tendency towards a decisive role of the state in solving social problems emerged in late autumn of 1918. Meanwhile, the echoes of the revolution in Germany gave the leftists the illusion that the time had come for a decisive transformation of society in Lithuania, so they did not attach great importance to narrow social polemic with opponents at that time. With a small layer of industrial workers in Lithuania, the attention of both the left-wing and right-wing press concentrated on the situation and problems of manor workers as a social group whose attitude was imagined to be decisive in the development of events in the upcoming revolutionary upheavals. Keywords: social question, polemic, First World War, German occupation, Lithuanian periodicals. [From the publication]

• Gerovės valstybės kūrimas Lietuvoje: mitas ar realybė? / Jolanta Aidukaitė, Natalija Bogdanova, Arvydas Guogis. Vilnius : Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras, 2012. 410 p.
• Katalikiškoji moterų judėjimo srovė Lietuvoje (1907-1940) : disertacija / Indrė Karčiauskaitė. Kaunas : Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto leidykla, 2007. 274 p.
• Katalikų socialinė mintis Lietuvoje : (XIX a. antroji pusė - XX a. pradžia) / Valdas Pruskus. [Vilnius] : Katalikų akademija, 1995. 224 p.
• Liberalizmo raida Lietuvoje: XIX a. pab. - 1940 m / Vincentas Lukoševičius. Vilnius : Valstybinis leidybos centras, 1995. 484 p.
• Lietuvių moterų judėjimas XIX amžiaus pabaigoje - XX amžiaus pirmojoje pusėje / Virginija Jurėnienė. Vilnius : Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2006. 290 p., [8] iliustr. lap.
• Socialinė katalikybė Lietuvoje : laiko iššūkiai ir atsako trajektorijos (XIX a. antroji pusė - XX a. pradžia) / Valdas Pruskus. Vilnius : Technika, 2008. 390 p.
• Socialinės globos Lietuvoje istoriniai aspektai / Aldona Račkelienė. Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika. 2006, Nr. 3, p. 75-87.
• Socialiniai pokyčiai Lietuvos valstybėje 1918-1940 metais / Dalia Bukelevičiūtė, Zenonas Butkus, Norbertas Černiauskas, Andrius Grodis, Algis Povilas Kasperavičius, Giedrė Polkaitė-Petkevičienė. Vilnius : Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2016. 413 p.
• Tarpukario Lietuvos socialinės apsaugos sistemos formavimosi prielaidos / Jolanta Pivorienė, Daiva Mikalauskaitė. Socialinis darbas. 2005, t. 4, Nr. 1, p. 87-94.
• Vokiečių karinės okupacijos poveikis Lietuvos visuomenei ir besiformuojančiam valstybingumui 1915-1919 m / Edmundas Gimžauskas. Karo archyvas. 2010, 25, p. 98-123, 393-395.
• War land on the Eastern front : culture, national identity, and German occupation in World War I / Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004. viii, 309 p.
• Žemės reforma Lietuvoje 1919-1940 m : analizuojant Rytų ir Vidurio Europos agrarinės raidos XX a. III-IV dešimtmečiais tendencijas / Gediminas Vaskela. Vilnius : Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 1998. 318 p.