ENAt the beginning of the seventeenth century, one may observe a growing number of books, if compared to the sixteenth century, printed in Cracow and Vilnius which were lacking the publisher’s name on the title page. The aim of the paper is to analyse the main traits of such books and the socio-cultural context of their production in order to determine the reasons for anonymous printing in both cities. Their similarities and/or differences will allow us to describe both local and general trends in book production in early modern Europe. The question will be discussed on the basis of books printed anonymously in 1601-1620, a period of major changes in the history of Cracow and Vilnius book-printing. Keywords: anonymous printing, panegyrics, popular literature, religious literature, parallel editions, censorship. [From the publication]