1812 m. kariniai epizodai Kaune. Istorinis Napoleono kariuomenės persikėlimas per Nemuną ir Nerį ties Kaunu birželio 24-25 d. 1 dalis

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Collection:
Mokslo publikacijos / Scientific publications
Document Type:
Straipsnis / Article
Language:
Lietuvių kalba / Lithuanian
Title:
1812 m. kariniai epizodai Kaune. Istorinis Napoleono kariuomenės persikėlimas per Nemuną ir Nerį ties Kaunu birželio 24-25 d. 1 dalis
Alternative Title:
Military episodes in Kaunas in 1812. The historic movement of Napoleon's army across the Nemunas and Neris near Kaunas on the 24th-25th June
In the Journal:
Karo archyvas. 2023, 38, p. 42-72
Summary / Abstract:

LT2022 metais sukako 220 metų, kai prasidėjo Antrasis lenkų karas (1812 metų Prancūzijos ir Rusijos karas), tiesiogiai palietęs Lietuvos kraštą, jo žmones ir, žinoma, Kauno miestą, kuriame jau pirmosiomis Napoleono kariuomenės persikėlimo valandomis įvyko daug svarbių istorinių įvykių, kuriuos verta prisiminti. 1812 metų birželio 24 d., trečiadienį, Prancūzijos imperijos Vidurinė armija (Didžiosios armijos pagrindinė dalis), vadovaujama vieno talentingiausių karvedžių žmonijos istorijoje, imperatoriaus Napoleono I, forsavo Nemuną. Dešiniajame upės krante imperatorius tikėjosi rasti išsidėsčiusią Rusijos kariuomenę, bet ji jau buvo atsitraukusi. Apie Napoleono I veiklą, Prancūzijos kariuomenės plėšikavimą Kaune, pagaliau jos pasitraukimą iš miesto nemažai rašyta, bet vis dar pasigendama naujesnių ir detalesnių šio laikotarpio karinių įvykių aprašymų. Juo labiau kad šie įvykiai, supurtę visą Europą, yra ne vien Lietuvos istorijos dalis. Pagaliau, be imperatoriaus Napoleono I, Kaune lankėsi daug talentingų karvedžių, eilinių karių, puskarininkių, karininkų, vėliau tapusių žymiais Prancūzijos maršalais, politikais, medicinos specialistais, kurie labai paspartino pastarosios srities vystymąsi civiliniame gyvenime. Tą patį galima pasakyti apie Prūsijos, Vokietijos žemių, Lenkijos, Olandijos karius, tapusius žymiais karvedžiais, valstybės veikėjais. Kiekvienas karas žmonėms – tai neapsakomas skausmas, daugybė netekčių, sudaužyti likimai ir dažnai neišsipildžiusios viltys. Tai galima pasakyti ir apie 1812 m. įvykius, siejamus su siekiu, pasinaudojant Prancūzijos kariuomenės įžengimu į Rusijos imperiją, atkurti Lietuvos Didžiąją Kunigaikštystę. Tačiau šie lūkesčiai taip ir liko neįgyvendinti. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Kaunas, Nemunas, Neris, imperatorius Napoleonas I, Didžioji armija, tiltas, korpusas. [Iš leidinio]

ENIn 1795, Russia, together with Austria and Prussia, divided the Republic of the Two Nations (Poland and Lithuania) for the third time by abolishing it. They erased the fully-fledged state from the map of Europe. However, Lithuanians and Poles always sought to free themselves from the clutches of predators, and one such opportunity arose after the beginning of the wars of the Napoleonic era. In 1807, Napoleon I and Alexander I signed peace and alliance treaties in Tilžė (Treaties of Tilsit). After this pompous historical event, Napoleon I naively believed it would mark the end of mutual military actions while acquiring a serious ally. However, Alexander I thought differently: he was concerned with obtaining much-needed peace and regaining his authority, which had diminished quite significantly, as soon as possible, by rebuilding the army after the catastrophic defeat on the 14th of June, 1807, at the Battle of Friedland. The ‘Peace of Tilsit’ did not satisfy Lithuania’s szlachta, especially its youth, who were ready to rise up against the Russian crews and provide necessary assistance when the French army marched across the Nemunas, and most importantly, to revive the destroyed state. However, their hopes were dashed. Napoleon I had more faith in Alexander I, so it is not surprising that when the 2nd Polish War began, many representatives of Lithuania’s szlachta viewed the war with great distrust since the opportunity to free the country from Russian occupation was lost after the signing of the ‘Peace of Tilsit’. Meanwhile, Russia recovered, and in 1811, started to threaten Napoleon I with a new war. The 2nd Polish War or the Franco–Russian War began in 1812; Emperor Napoleon I, not waiting for Alexander I to attack him, was the first to initiate military action and moved across the Nemunas.This article consists of two parts: the first part describes the transfer of the Middle Army organised by the French Grand Army across the Nemunas near Kaunas and the transfer of the second army corps of the Middle Army across Neris near Vilijampolė (present-day Kaunas). The goal of organising the second transfer was to move the second army corps as quickly as possible to prevent the Russian 1st separate corps from implementing a flanking attack on the approaching Middle Army. If the goal of the first transfer was to advance the Middle Army swiftly, and at the first opportunity, strike the main blow against the enemy's forces, the objective of the second transfer was to move the second army corps as quickly as possible. The second part deals with the last rearguard battle of the Great Army on the 12th to 13th of December, 1812, in Kaunas. The purpose of the battle was to stop the attacking Cossack regiments at any cost to allow as many of the retreating officers and soldiers as possible to cross the only bridge built over the Nemunas in Kaunas. A significant number of regiments managed to cross the Nemunas and reach Prussia, however. When Napoleon I began to form a new army, these veterans who had survived hell joined the ranks again, becoming a pillar for the young soldiers who always showed examples of bravery and fighting spirit. The topic is not new; many participants and historians have written about these events. However, the number of lesser-known facts of the military events that took place in Kaunas within that era is increasing; therefore, the aim of this article is to summarise them into a single article that would become accessible to everyone. [From the publication]

DOI:
10.47459/ka.2023.38.2
ISSN:
1392-6489; 2424-6123
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https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/104665
Updated:
2023-10-16 21:33:27
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