Moterys Lietuvos baudžiamojo teisingumo sistemoje: nuo baudimo praktikų iki bausmės patirčių

• Teisės instituto talpykla: knygos tekstas

• Tereškinas, Artūras
• Vaičiūnienė, Rūta
• Nikartas, Simonas
• Jarutienė, Liubovė

LTMoterų nusikalstamas elgesys nėra sulaukęs didesnio Lietuvos mokslininkų dėmesio. Lyties ir bausmės sąveikos menkai tyrinėtos, o teisės pažeidėjų moterų padėties baudžiamojoje sistemoje analizių itin trūksta. Ši monografija – pirmas tokio pobūdžio darbas, kuriame analizuojami moterų ir vyrų baudimo tendencijų panašumai ir skirtumai bei gilinamasi į įkalintų ir probuojamų moterų patirtis. Joje pateikiamas platesnis socialinis baudimo praktikų ir bausmės atlikimo patirčių kontekstas, kuriame lytis – vienas iš svarbiausių veiksnių: iš kriminologinės analizės periferijos lytis perkeliama į centrą. Čia ne tik pristatomos bendros moterų baudimo tendencijos, bet ir aptariama tai, kaip pačios moterys išgyvena ir susitaiko su griežčiausiomis joms skirtomis bausmėmis – probacijos priežiūra ir įkalinimu. [Anotacija knygoje]

ENThis book conceptualises gender-differentiated trends and practices of criminal behaviour and punishment. It examines the general features of punishment and the peculiarities and experiences of imprisoned women and women serving community sentences in Lithuania. We follow the assumption that when analysing women’s criminal behaviour and their personal experiences in the criminal justice system, using the interpretive frameworks applicable to men’s crimes is not sufficient (Moore & Scraton, 2014; Gomes & Duarte, 2018). Therefore, a rich array of contemporary criminological and gender studies literature, interdisciplinary approaches and multifaceted empirical data are the basis of our analysis which trace women’s experiences from the imposition of punishment to serving community and imprisonment sentences. The book focuses on two research questions related to the role of women in the criminal justice system. The first question, which has already become customary, relates to the analysis of women’s punishment and the comparison of men and women’s punishments. Here we ask whether women are and can be punished more leniently and whether gender-differentiated, individualised punishment can be applied, providing for specific differences in men and women’s punishment. In order to answer this question, the study reviews the statistics of registered crimes of the last decade and discusses the changes in the number of imprisoned persons. A study of court sentences in 2018 is also presented, which, due to a limited scope of our research project, allows only to identify specific trends or differences in penal practices and formulate some assumptions related to these trends. Moreover, although the study is limited by the number of selected sentences and the inclusion of only certain offences, it allows us to analyse certain problematic aspects of penal practices in an underdeveloped research field.The second question related to female offenders focuses on the gender-unequal effects of punishment. It has been argued, in the research literature, that the social effects of most severe punishments, such as the deprivation of liberty and probation, may differ significantly between women and men due to their different social positions (Gelsthorpe & Sharpe, 2015; Carlen, 2013). Therefore, it is necessary to ask how women themselves experience punishment and come to terms with it. Much of the study is devoted to this question. For a long time, gender was not considered a significant criterion in the analysis of sentencing practices and punishment experiences, primarily because women’s crimes differed significantly from men in nature and number (Carlen, 2013). Therefore, the increased focus on women’s criminal behaviour reflects the increasing involvement of women in public life and their growing role in criminal activities. However, various studies reveal that growing concern with women’s criminal behaviour and stricter criminal stance towards women do not always correlate with trends or changes in women’s crimes (Estrada et al., 2016). The trends in women’s crimes presented in the study also show that certain fluctuations in women’s incarceration are not necessarily related to specific changes in crime patterns.According to the Lithuanian data for the last decade, the general number of imprisoned persons decreased by 34.23 per cent from 2012 to 2020 (Aebi & Tiago, 2020). Moreover, the number of imprisoned men has been steadily declining every year for almost a decade; the number of women prisoners, unlike men, has fluctuated, with a steady decline only during the last four years. The absolute number and percentage of imprisoned women have been growing since 2004, with the highest absolute number recorded in 2012 and the maximum percentage in 2017. In 2011-2013 the highest absolute numbers of women prisoners were recorded, but there were no significant changes in the structure of women’s crime; the percentage of suspected women was stable, although the absolute number of suspected women increased slightly. However, the absolute number of imprisoned women has been declining over the last few years, and the percentage of imprisoned women (4.7 per cent) corresponded to the European Union average. The changing trends in female crimes point to the decrease in the absolute number of suspected women over the last ten years. The percentage of suspected women has also decreased with some fluctuations from 12.64 per cent in 2010 to 11.30 per cent in 2020. The absolute number and percentage of women suspected of injury to a person’s health grew the fastest; it is these crimes that women are accused of the most. In 2012, women suspected of injury to a person’s health accounted for 6.3 per cent of all suspects and in 2020, 11.2 per cent; the absolute number of suspected women has also doubled during this period [...]. [From the publication]