Simbolių archeologija: XIII-XIV a. įvijų ornamentas

LTDaugelis norime po ranka turėti simbolių abėcėlę ir tvirtai žinoti, ką kuris ženklas reiškia. Tačiau siekdami patikimų žinių, turime nueiti ilgą kelią: senovės ženklų tyrimai reikalauja patirties, kantrybės, vaizduotės, kai kuriais atvejais - ir gilios nuojautos. 2014 m. Valdovų rūmuose surasti unikalūs XIII a. antros pusės mediniai dirbiniai, sudėti į buvusio svirno aruodą, atvėrė naujas galimybes tirti Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (LDK) laikų simbolius. Tapo galutinai aišku, kad Vilniaus, Kernavės, Trakų ir daugelis kitų XIII-XIV a. archeologinių vietovių priklauso vienam kultūriniam horizontui, kurį privalu kruopščiai tirti. Sis straipsnis skirtas vienam iš labiausiai paplitusių šio laikotarpio ženklų - įvijai, įvijų poroms ir pynėms ant papuošalų, namų apyvokos ir kai kurių kitų dirbinių. Glaustai apžvelgiu kelių tūkstančių metų kelią, kurį nuėjo universalus spiralės simbolis, kol LDK įgijo lietuvių kultūrai būdingų bruožų. Dėl savitų išorinių įvijų ornamento bruožų ir derinių su ugnies kryžiumi (svastika) įviją laikau su dievu Perkūnu susijusio augalo - paparčio - simboliu. [Iš leidinio]

ENIn 2014, unique decorated wooden items from the second half of the 13th century, found in the Palace of the Grand Dukes, opened new possibilities for exploring the symbols from the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It became clear that Vilnius, Kernavė, Trakai, and many other archaeological sites of the 13th-14th centuries belong to one cultural horizon, which must be carefully studied. This article continues the research of the fire cross (swastika) which has already been carried out in recent years and examines the coiled ornaments of the 13th-14th centuries (in some cases - the beginning of the 15th century). In the above-mentioned cultural horizon, the coil symbol (two, three coils, their braids) is most often found on rings, horseshoe and circular brooches, headdresses, and other jewellery, ceremonial articles (wood sticks with knobs), and daily-use items (cf. iron strikers, the ends of which were often twisted into strands). From the universal symbol of the spiral that is characteristic of Europe since the Stone Age (for the Baltic region - from the Bronze Age), the ornamentation of the 13th-14th centuries differs in that it has only one or more coils, a beautifully curled stem, and if the coils are depicted in a pair, they were put together not only at the tops, as in prehistoric times, but also at the stems. In addition, the stems of the 13th-14th century coils were often thickened, supplemented with leaf ornaments and growths.These and some other peculiarities of depicting coils, and their combinations with other signs, suggest that the coil did not have an abstract significance, but was an image of a fern - according to the data available today, of mainly the fiddlehead fern (Lat. Matteuccia struthiopteris). Its symbolic meaning was directly related to the God of Thunder and the sacredness of fire; the coils did not emphasise the power of fern growth and the beauty of their fronds expanding, but rather depicted that extraordinary moment of the summer solstice, when omniscience blooms, as well as the bloom of the fern, promising happiness, health, and protection. Archaeological material also preserved the graphic form of this fundamental symbol of our natural culture. [From the publication]

• Archeologija / Archaeology
• Istorija / History