Vilniaus šv. Eufrosinijos stačiatikių kapinių XIX a. I p. antkapiniai paminklai: tipai ir dekoras

LTStraipsnis parengtas 2020–2022 m. Vilniaus senosiose kapinėse vykdytų lauko tyrimų, finansuotų Europos socialinio fondo lėšomis, pagrindu. Formos ir dekoro aspektu aptariami tipologiškai reti ir unikalaus dekoro XIX a. I p. Vilniaus šv. Eufrosinijos stačiatikių kapinių antkapiniai paminklai. Straipsnis tęsia Šv. Eufrosinijos kapinių paminklus tyrinėjusio Edmundo Małachowicziaus pradėtą darbą, jame praplečiamos ir patikslinamos tyrėjo išvados apie stačiatikių kapinių paminklus. Straipsnio objektas – granitinių riedulių ir iš ketaus lietų antkapinių paminklų tipai ir dekoras XIX a. I p. Vilniaus šv. Eufrosinijos stačiatikių kapinėse. Tikslas – išanalizuoti XIX a. I p. Vilniaus šv. Eufrosinijos stačiatikių kapinių granitinių riedulių ir iš ketaus lietų antkapinių paminklų tipus ir puošybą, tyrimo objektą aptariant kitų senųjų Vilniaus kapinių antkapinių paminklų kontekste. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Vilniaus šv. Eufrosinijos stačiatikių kapinės, XIX a. I p. ant kapinis paminklas, šriftas, ikonografija, dekoras. [Iš leidinio]

ENThe paper is based on a field research carried out in the old cemeteries of Vilnius in 2020–2022. It discusses the shapes and decorations of typologically rare tombstones with unique décor from the first half of the 19th century located in Vilnius St. Euphrosyne Orthodox Cemetery. It continues the study of the tombstones of the above-mentioned cemetery started by Vilnius-born Polish scientist Edmund Małachowicz (b. Vilnius, 1925; d. Wroclaw, 2015) and expands and corrects the conclusions of this researcher. The paper focuses on the types and décor of the tombstones made of granite boulders and cast iron in the first half of the 19th century and located in Vilnius St. Euphrosyne Orthodox Cemetery. The said tombstones are analysed in the context of the gravestones from other old cemeteries of Vilnius; the paper also uses field research materials from other old cemeteries in Lithuania, Latvia (Riga, Daugavpils, Liepaja, Rezekne) and Poland (Warsaw, Bialystok, Suprasl) as a comparison. It has been ascertained that the oldest tombstones made of cast iron in 1810s and 1820s (namely, the ornamented plaque and sarcophagus) still feature some Baroque trends of tombstone decoration in their décor but the epigraphs of the same tombstones are closer to the Classicist era in their content and form. Later (c. 1830s) cast iron tombstones of cippus type are the typical works of the Clacissist era adorned with the sepulchral symbols of the Classical Antiquity such as downwards-pointing torches, clepsydras, urns, oil lamps and other symbols signifying death, eternity and the ephemerality of life. But the cippi of Vilnius cemeteries are distinguished by the fact that they also contain religious symbols such as texts of prayers or the reliefs of crosses or the All-Seeing Eye of God.The main decorative element of the cut boulder-shaped headstones from the first half of the 19th century is multi-font (and sometimes multi-lingual) epigraphs that used to be gilded. Two words written in late Glagolitic alphabet on the epigraph of the gravestone of Vasily Kislov in Vilnius St. Euphrosyne Cemetery are a unique case among the tombstones of Vilnius and Lithuania. The said cemetery has two exceptional tombstones: granite boulders with sculptural figurative groups depicting family members weeping for their dead relatives. They are the only known outdoor monuments with mourning scenes from the first half of the 19th century in the old cemeteries of Vilnius and of the whole Lithuania. The said decorative scene on them expressed the demonstration of feelings, i.e. mourning and respect to the deceased, that was characteristic of the Romantic era. Keywords: Vilnius St. Euphrosyne Orthodox Cemetery, tombstone from the first half of the 19th century, font, iconography, décor. [From the publication]