Lietuvių bendrinė tartis: norminimo istorija ir dabartis

LTKnygoje aprašomos lietuvių bendrinės tarties atsiradimo sąlygos ir aplinkybės XIX–XX a. sandūroje, jos norminimas ir vartojimas tarpukario Lietuvoje, sovietmečiu ir atkūrus nepriklausomybę 1990 metais. Šio kalbos lygmens norminimo pagrindus paklojo Jonas Jablonskis 1901 m. gramatikoje. Tarpukariu lietuvių profesionaliojo teatro kūrėjų ir Lietuvių kalbos draugijos kalbininkų pastangomis bendrinė tartis tapo tikrove. Išugdytas nors ir nedidelis išsilavinusių žmonių sluoksnis, kuriam toji tartis buvo tapusi profesinės veiklos įrankiu ir saviraiškos dalimi. Nuėjusi neilgą raidos kelią šiandien bendrinė tartis kelia įvairių klausimų dėl jos kodifikacijos sąstingio, kai kurių sustabarėjusių normų, todėl reikalauja atidžios normintojų peržiūros. Studijoje aptariami diskusiniai tarties normų atvejai, rašoma apie bendrinės tarties vartojimo ypatumus šiandieninio teatro, radijo, televizijos, švietimo sistemos ir kitose srityse. Ši bendrinės tarties norminimo istorijos apybraiža yra pirmasis mėginimas mūsų kalbotyroje parašyti analitinę šio kalbos lygmens istoriją, kurioje būtų parodytas ilgas ir sudėtingas jos raidos kelias, apžvelgtos šių dienų tarties funkcionavimo ir kodifikacijos ypatybės. Tikimasi, kad visa tai galėtų padėti spręsti ir dabartinius tarties norminimo bei ugdymo klausimus. Manytina, kad šis darbas galėtų papildyti ir pagal kalbos lygmenis rašytiną lietuvių kalbotyros istoriją. Be istorinės apžvalgos, studijoje keliamas tikslas nuodugniai išanalizuoti dabartinės bendrinės tarties funkcionavimo ypatumus įvairiose jos vartojimo srityse, aptarti probleminius dabartinių tarties normų klausimus, ieškoti atsakymų, kaip jas būtų galima patikslinti ir priartinti prie vartosenos. [Leidėjo anotacija]

ENPronunciation, or orthoepy, is a field of phonetics disclosing the pronunciation habits of a linguistic community as a whole, and a method for implementing its elements. The codified rules of this field constitute a background for discussing the state of the standard pronunciation and its history. The standard Lithuanian pronunciation, when compared to standard pronunciations of other countries, is very recent. It may be considered to have been born in the 20th c. and established thanks to the efforts of the atre figures and linguists. The recency of the standard pronunciation was determined by historical circumstances. The Lithuanian language itself, up until the 20th c. has never been an official language of state institutions because other languages were used-instead for many ages: Latin, Ruthenian, Polish and Russian. In the second half of the 19th c. for the purposes of russification, it was even prohibited from being used publicly. The Russian alphabet (the Cyrillic script) was forced on Lithuanian texts and the Russian language was taught at schools. Only with the uprising of the Spring of Nations in the Western Europe, the scientific value of the Lithuanian language was take in to account, and it started to be revived from complete oblivion. The Lithuanian press published in East Prussia, which was transported to Lithuanian in secret, promoted opposition against Russification and cultivating own culture in the native language.Together with the national movement at the end of the 19th c, secret performances were held in the Lithuanian language. In most cases, a local dialect was used in them, but the written texts were oriented towards a unified spoken language absent from at least the most prominent dialectical features. As a result, a need for a spoken language common to the whole country has arisen, where the pronunciation of sounds and words was more or less adjusted to the spelling used at that time. The modern, i.e. contemporary standard Lithuanian was codified in 1901 in Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika (The Lithuanian Language Grammar) by Jonas Jablonskis. It established the dialectical basis of that language, the main rules of inflection and combination of words, and the general guidelines of pronunciation, etc. Jablonskis chose the dialectical Western basis because the intelligentsia of that time mainly originated from the Sudovia region and spoke the southern dialect of the West High. Moreover, based on that dialect, the most influential Lithuanian newspapers Aušra and Varpas were published at that time. This basis was supported by the Western tradition of texts that existed for several centuries since the time of Daniel Klein (cf. his grammar of 1653), as well as the authority of Jablonskis and the phoneticity of spelling. The latter one was influenced by the description of the phonetic system of the written language of East Prussia provided in the grammar by Friedrich Kurschat of 1876 and his other works. Another merit of Jablonskis is that he connected a spoken language with a written one and standardized both of them on the same basis. [...]. [From the publication]