ENThe text discusses the legal regulations whereby the Lithuanian Main School was changed into the Imperial University of Wilno. Conditions of employment and the material circumstances of the teaching and research staff are presented. The factors are indicated that influenced decisions to take up a position at the University of Wilno. Differences among the staff are discussed, including: generational differences, background and origin, life situation, and social status. The attitude of the staff to the Polish national question, to Tsar Alexander II, and to Napoleon Bonaparte is considered. The work of scholars on behalf of the Wilno university is presented, along with judgments of several of them. It is stressed that, thanks to the efforts of many people, the Imperial University of Wilno was a place where Polishness was promoted alongside a building up of contacts with European scholarly circles and international scholarly exchange. [From the publication]