Ekologijos nuostatos ir praktikos: individualių gyvenamųjų namų statybos sfera

LTStraipsnyje šiuolaikinės visuomenės ekologijos sampratos ir praktikos yra nagrinėjamos per individualių gyvenamųjų namų statybos sritį, kuri laikoma viena iš labiausiai generuojančių taršą. Darbe pateikiama emic perspektyva remiantis etnografiniais lauko tyrimais, kuriuos atliekant buvo apklausiami individualių gyvenamųjų namų savininkai ir šioje srityje dirbantys architektai. Siekiant prisidėti prie aplinkosaugos antropologų darbų, kuriuose ieškota aplinkosauginių problemų sprendimo būdų, ir apibendrinus emic ir etic perspektyvas, tikimasi praplėsti ekologijos sampratą visuomenėje ir padėti statybose atsirinkti labiau ekologiškas praktikas nuo mažiau ekologiškų. Taip pat darbe mėginama pasiūlyti hipotetinį individualaus gyvenamojo namo vaizdinį, kuris atitinka holistinę ekologiškumo sampratą. Raktiniai žodžiai: aplinkosauga, ekologija, ekogyvenvietės, gyvenamasis namas, statyba. [Iš leidinio]

ENThe need to implement ecology arises from social, cultural and economic crises, which have facilitated the development of environmental movements and research into environmental issues and ecology. A solid contribution to issues of ecology and the environment can be seen in this context, as anthropologists have significantly integrated the aspect of applied anthropology and the search for solutions oriented towards the well-being of human society and nature (Anderson 1972; Lockyer, Veteto 2013). The importance of ecology in modern society stems from an interest in securing its future. As climate warming is getting faster than was previously predicted, ecology must be understood holistically, and its ideas should be implemented in society on a larger scale. The premise to research the field of houses comes from the origin of the word ecology (from ancient greek oîkos for ‘house’, and logia for ‘the study of’), which appeals to the fact that ideas of ecology in particular should be implemented in the nearest environment, that is, the house. Houses also generate the most pollution, directly and indirectly, and this should be a priority sphere in the prevention of environmental crises. Houses in Lithuania were investigated based on different approaches; however, for a long time attention to materiality was dominant, and the issue of ecology was not examined at all in the discourse of ethnology and anthropology. This article seeks to elucidate the prevailing attitudes and practices in the field of individual housing, and to contribute to a more holistic concept of ecology. This is achieved, first of all, by revealing the meaning of ecology to contemporary society, and its trajectory forces: ‘deep ecology’, ecovillages (as an environmental and countercultural movement), and ecopolicy, from a historical, analytical and comparative point of view.In order to elucidate the emic perspective of ecology and its practices in society, which are influenced by knowledge and also by the implementation of ecopolicy, ethnographic field research was conducted, and the owners and architects of individual houses were interviewed. Comparing emic and etic perspectives helps to design and submit the image of the house which best corresponds with the criteria of ecology. As the study shows, the prevailing attitude towards ecology among homeowners emphasises the benefits from nature: ecology was identified mostly with human health, and the use of natural materials, as the image of ‘breathable materials, homes’ was common. In contrast, architects tend to associate ecology mostly with environmental issues. Some architects and owners tend to question the concept of ecology, and to criticise some ecological practices. Critical perspectives and cases where informants were able to display more diverse aspects of ecology were related in one way or another to a personal interest in ecology, deep rather than shallow ecology. Comparing emic and etic perspectives suggests that most of the elucidated ecological aspects can be realized in constructions of clay and straw (modest, made of natural, local, easily recyclable building materials that are friendly to humans and the environment, a low amount of embodied energy, the possibility to achieve the best rate of energy efficiency). With the decline in wood as a material resource, and its high price, this has probably led to the prevalence of these houses over the last two decades in Lithuania.However, these constructions also have their deficiencies, which highlights the fact that the application of some practices in ecology depends on place and time, and in doing so we must not only try to implement as many aspects of ecology as possible, but also assess all the criteria of ecology based on time and place. Keywords: ecology, ecovillages, environmentalism, house, building. [From the publication]

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