Russian and Soviet nationalities policy in the Baltic States, 1855-1991
ENAn examination the policies of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union towards the indigenous inhabitants of the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. During the reign of Emperor Alexander II and his successors, the Baltic region underwent a period of administrative, cultural, and linguistic russification, driven by often inconsistent policy decisions. Following a brief and turbulent period of independence from 1918 to 1940, the Baltic states were occupied by the Soviet Union, whose nationalities policy both encouraged ethnic particularism and harshly punished “bourgeois” nationalism. The seemingly contradictory approaches taken by Imperial Russia and the USSR help explain the course of Baltic independence. Keywords: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ethnic Relations in the Soviet Union, Ethnic Relations in Russia. [From the publication]
- A History of the Baltic states / Andres Kasekamp. Houndmills, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. xi, 251 p.
- Baltic facades: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1945 : recenzija / Vaida Obelenė. Journal of Baltic studies. 2013, vol. 44, no. 2, p. 281-283.
- Between Russification and divide and rule: Russian nationality policy in the western borderlands in mid-19th century / Darius Staliūnas. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 2007, Vol. 55, no. 3, p. 357-373.
- Making Russians: meaning and practice of russification in Lithuania and Belarus after 1863 / Darius Staliūnas. Amsterdam ; New York (N.Y.) : Rodopi, 2007. xii, 465 p.
- Russification and the Lithuanians, 1863-1905 / Theodore R. Weeks. Slavic review. 2001, Vol. 60, no. 1, p. 96-114.
