Nuo iliustratyvumo link vizualumo. Lietuvos istorija modernistų žvilgsniu

LTIstorinės dailės kūriniai yra labai specifiški. Juos kuriantys menininkai nuolat susiduria su dilema – kiek kūriniuose galima atitolti nuo realistinio vaizdo, kaip interpretuoti istorinį įvykį, kad žiūrovui jis būtų atpažįstamas, bet ir išlaikytų formos novatoriškumą, laiko pulsą. Į šią dilemą istorinės dailės kūrėjus stumtelėjo modernizmo epocha ir jos principinis siekis paneigti siužetiškumo bei iliustratyvaus vaizdo svarbą. Menininkams beliko apsiriboti konservatyviu realizmu arba, ieškant kompromisų, rasti išeitį. Tad šiame straipsnyje atskleidžiama, kokių išeičių atrado modernizmo epochos dailininkai, vizualizuodami Lietuvos istorijos įvykius. Pasirinktas platus laikotarpis (XX a. 3–9-asis dešimtmečiai) įpareigoja išskirti ryškiausius pavyzdžius, nepaklūstančius realistiškam vaizdui ir iliustratyviai įvykio traktuotei. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: modernizmas, Lietuvos istorija, dailė. [Iš leidinio]

ENThe problem of the article is based on the confrontation between historical painting and Modernism, whereby works with narrative content have lost their importance, and directions in Modernism have raised the power of the form of a work of art. The depiction of historical events has been assigned to the field of illustrative or descriptive painting and the category of regressive art. In other words, a wedge has been driven between ‘visuality’ and ‘literacy’. Therefore, the creators of historical paintings inevitably had to solve the dilemma of whether to get caught up in the framework of conservative realism and narrative content, or to change the tradition of depicting historical events by allowing the innovations of Modernism. Thus, the question how Modernism has changed the nature of historical painting is based on the case of Lithuania. The aim of the research is to reveal the cardinal changes that Modernist artists have brought to the depiction of events in Lithuanian history. The object of the research is works of art from the Modernist era that visualise historical themes innovatively (in the case of Lithuania, these are examples created in the 1930s and 1990s). To achieve this goal, Clive Bell’s theory is used to substantiate the research problem. Methods of formal, stylistic and comparative analysis are also used, which help to single out the most remarkable cases that do not adhere to the realistic image and the illustrative interpretation of the event. The research has revealed that changes began in interwar Lithuania with the more pronounced trend of Constructivism, which was not abandoned in the later period. Although the Second World War and the difficult postwar period formed a break of several decades, the changes still returned, only spreading in opposition to the official style.During the Soviet era, Constructivist tendencies with the power of form marked not only manifestations of the forbidden Modernism, but also the possibility of encoding meanings of content that were relevant to the nation but prohibited by the Soviet ideological system. Assemblages were also integrated into the field of the historical genre, opening up a new perspective on associative meanings. The principles of Surrealism were also used to offer a critical rethink of the established clichés of depicting historical personalities and iconic events. The playfulness of bright colours was drawn from Pop Art, but the cheerful exterior spoke of the rather unhappy historical past based on the principle of contrast. The most radical changes in form took place in the art of the Lithuanian diaspora, when figurativeness was completely abandoned in works of optical Impressionism. Openness to creative innovation usually accompanied visualisations of personal traumatic experiences of the Second World War, the postwar period and deportation, more often than the depiction of events in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that were important to the nation. Artists liked to use visual cues as active references that evoke the viewer’s historical memory. Keywords: Modernism, Lithuanian history, fine arts. Keywords: Modernism, Lithuanian history, fine arts. [From the publication]

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