Muziejai po atviru dangumi Lietuvoje po 1990 m.: iššūkiai ir pokyčiai

LTStraipsnyje nagrinėjama muziejų po atviru dangumi situacija po 1990 m., aiškinamasi, kaip kito jų rinkiniai ir ekspozicijos Nepriklausomybės laikotarpiu. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama Lietuvos liaudies buities muziejui, bet kontekste paminimos ir kitos panašios ekspozicijos. Didžioji dalis šio tipo muziejų įkurta dar sovietmečiu, tad pagrindinis tyrimo klausimas – kaip pasikeitė muziejų koncepcijos ir jų įgyvendinimas. Teigiama, kad pradinėje muziejaus koncepcijoje buvo numatyta ne tik etnografinių kaimų fragmentai, bet ir dvaro komplekso, bažnyčios ir miestelio pastatų perkėlimas. Vis dėlto tik Nepriklausomybės metais atsirado galimybė šias temas sėkmingai vystyti. Muziejuje atkurto tarpukario miestelio visuomeninių pastatų ir parduotuvių interjerus, skirtingai nei eilinių amatininkų dirbtuvių, dėl politinių ir ideologinių sąlygų galima buvo rodyti tik po 1990 m. Tačiau ryškiausias pokytis – galimybė kalbėti apie tremtinius, antisovietinį pasipriešinimą. 1992 m. muziejuje atkurta tremtinių jurta, o 1996 m. – ir partizanų bunkeris. Taigi „uždraustų temų“ imtasi ir anksčiau, įsteigiant tremties ir rezistencijos sektorių. Be to, kito ir ekspozicijų koncepcijos: palaipsniui pereinama nuo statinių prie „dinaminių“, gyvų ekspozicijų, suteikiant galimybę lankytojams dalyvauti jose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: muziejus po atviru dangumi, Lietuvos liaudies buities muziejus, etnografinė sodyba, dvaras, rezistencija. [Iš leidinio]

ENThe article analyses the situation of open-air museums after 1990, explaining how their collections and expositions have been changing during the period of Independence. The main focus is on the Open-Air Museum of Lithuania, however, other similar expositions are mentioned in the context as well. Most of this type of museums were founded in the Soviet era, so the main research question is how the concepts of museums and their implementation have changed. It is stated that the original concept of the museum included not only fragments of ethnographic villages but also the relocation of the manor complex, church, and town buildings. However, it was only in the Year of Independence that the opportunity arose to successfully develop and present these topics to the public. The interiors of the public buildings and shops of the interwar town restored in the museum, unlike ordinary craftsmen’s workshops, could be displayed only after 1990 due to political-ideological conditions. But the most obvious change is the opportunity to talk about exiles and anti-Soviet resistance. In 1992, the exile yurt and in 1996 a partisan bunker were restored in the museum. Thus, previously “banned topics” were implemented with the establishment of the exile and resistance sector. During the period of Independence, the conditions for the collections and exhibits were also changing: it became possible to use the support of various funds. In the Open-Air Museum of Lithuania, a manor, a town church, and a fragment of the town were built only with the help of funds and special programs. Also, in other Lithuanian museums, the openair expositions were renewed with the support of the funds.As the system changed, the concepts of expositions also changed: not only in the Open-Air Museum of Lithuania but also in other museums of this type, gradually moving from buildings to “dynamic”, live expositions, allowing visitors to participate in them, other innovations and various educations were introduced. Most of Lithuania’s open-air ethnographic museums, which appeared in the open air during the Soviet era, underwent renovation during the period of Independence and now attract visitors through active educational activities. New museums created in the initial period of Independence in Kleboniškės village or Vilnius Pilaitė are successfully operating. [From the publication]